and
/ənd/ (bre, ipa) · [ənd] /ənd/ (ame, ipa) · [ənd] /ən(d), (ˈ)an(d) usually ᵊn(d) after t, d, s or z; often ᵊm after p or b; sometimes ᵊŋ after k or g/ (ame, mw)
and — conjunction
1. a word that links two things, ideas, or actions when you talk about them togethe
a word that links two things, ideas, or actions when you talk about them together in a sentence.
I bought apples and oranges at the market this morning.
connects two noun phrases
The cat is small and very friendly to everyone in the house.
connects two adjectives
Ezra read the book and wrote a short report about it.
We need pens, paper, and a ruler for the art class.
Nadia opened the door and walked into the warm room.
- as well as
more formal; used in writing or careful speech
- along with
emphasises that two things go together
- or
shows a choice between two options rather than joining them
文法句型
A and B
A, B, and C
常見錯誤
2. used to show that you are putting one thing together with another thing of the s
used to show that you are putting one thing together with another thing of the same type, like adding numbers or bringing items together.
Two and two make four — the first sum children learn at school.
adding numbers together
We need eggs and milk to bake the birthday cake.
Hamza ordered rice and chicken for his lunch today.
We need rice and beans for tonight's dinner.
Nadia bought bread and butter from the corner shop.
- plus
used mainly when talking about numbers or amounts
- together with
emphasises that things are combined as a group
- without
shows that something is not included
文法句型
A and B (as a combined set)
3. used after a short list to show that there are more similar items you could ment
used after a short list to show that there are more similar items you could mention without naming each one.
We packed socks, shirts, shoes and so on for the trip.
and so on at end of a list
The shop sells pens, notebooks, paper and such items.
Antonia plays basketball, tennis, soccer and other ball games.
We learned about stars, planets, moons and similar things in class.
- etc.
used in writing as a shortened form of 'and so on'
- and the like
slightly more formal; means 'and similar things'
文法句型
A, B, and so on
A, B, and such things
用法筆記
Often shortened to 'etc.' in writing, but 'and so on' and 'and such' are common in everyday speech.
常見錯誤
4. used to add a second piece of information showing that the same thing is true fo
used to add a second piece of information showing that the same thing is true for another person, thing, or situation.
Gita is coming to the party, and Marco is coming too.
and ... too pattern
I love this film, and my sister loves it as well.
and ... as well pattern
Rodrigo can speak Spanish, and his wife can speak it too.
The food was very good, and the service was good as well.
Talia bought a red dress, and I bought one as well.
文法句型
[statement], and [person/thing] too
[statement], and [person/thing] as well
用法筆記
Often paired with 'too' or 'as well' at the end of the second clause. In formal writing, 'also' can be used instead before the verb.
常見錯誤
5. used after mentioning one thing to include the connected ideas, details, or item
used after mentioning one thing to include the connected ideas, details, or items that naturally go with it.
We talked about school and everything related to it.
and everything related to [noun]
Felix told me about his job and all the things he does every day.
The class is about dogs and how to take good care of them.
Gita asked about my family and how everyone was doing at home.
- along with
specifically includes additional related items
- plus
informal; adds connected information
文法句型
[topic] and everything related
[topic] and all that
用法筆記
This sense differs from 'AND SO ON' (sense 3) because it expands on one topic rather than listing similar items. Use it when you want to include all the natural aspects of a subject.
6. placed between two possibilities to indicate that any option — or all of them to
placed between two possibilities to indicate that any option — or all of them together — is open.
You can bring a friend and a family member to the party.
A and B — either or both available
Students may write and draw for this art project.
You can pay by card and by cash at this shop.
Children can play games and watch films at the afternoon event.
- and/or
formal written form that clearly signals both options are possible
- or
can suggest a choice where only one option is possible
文法句型
[option A] and [option B] (both available)
用法筆記
Common in offers, permissions, and situations where the speaker wants to make clear that the options are not mutually exclusive. In this sense, 'and' is close in meaning to 'and/or' in formal writing.
常見錯誤
7. used to connect two actions or events when the first happens before the second
used to connect two actions or events when the first happens before the second
Mira finished her homework and then watched a movie with her sister.
and then [verb] — shows the second action follows the first
Tomás walked to the corner shop and bought a loaf of bread.
The alarm went off and everyone ran out of the building.
Saira left the office and drove straight to the train station.
Lan poured hot water into the cup and let the tea steep for three minutes.
- then
more explicit about time order than 'and'
- after that
makes the sequence clearer, but adds more words
文法句型
clause + and + clause (second event follows first)
用法筆記
The actions connected by this type of 'and' happen in the order they are listed — the first event always comes before the second.
常見錯誤
8. used to show that what follows is caused by what came before
used to show that what follows is caused by what came before
Karim missed the bus and was late for school.
cause + and + result — missing the bus caused lateness
The rain started falling and the picnic was cancelled.
A dog ran into the road and the driver had to stop suddenly.
Indra forgot to set the alarm and woke up at noon.
A strong wind blew the sign down and it landed on the car.
文法句型
cause + and + result
用法筆記
Common in everyday speech to express cause and effect without using 'so' or 'therefore'. The listener understands the connection from context alone.
常見錯誤
9. used instead of 'to' after certain common verbs to state what someone intends to
used instead of 'to' after certain common verbs to state what someone intends to do next
Jude said he would try and arrive before dinner.
try + and + verb — replaces 'try to'
Amani went and asked the teacher about the homework.
go + and + verb — shows purpose of going
Lotte said she would come and help us clean up later.
Talia told the children to go and wash their hands before eating.
Ignacio decided to try and fix the old bicycle himself.
- to
the neutral, formal equivalent; 'try and' is less formal than 'try to'
文法句型
try + and + verb
go + and + verb
come + and + verb
用法筆記
Only used with a small set of common verbs: 'try', 'go', 'come', 'stay', 'run'. Avoid in formal academic or business writing.
常見錯誤
10. placed between two identical words to stress that something continues or is repe
placed between two identical words to stress that something continues or is repeated many times
They walked and walked until they reached the top of the hill.
verb + and + same verb — shows continued action
The dog barked and barked outside the bedroom window.
Saira waited for hours and hours but her friend never showed up.
Lan read the message again and again, trying to make sense of it.
The children ran and ran across the field until they were tired.
- over and over
specific to repeated actions; more explicit than using single-word repetition
- continuously
formal equivalent; no repetition pattern required
文法句型
word + and + same word
用法筆記
Follows the pattern 'word + and + same word'. Common with verbs of movement ('walk and walk', 'run and run'), duration ('hours and hours', 'days and days'), or repeated attempts ('again and again', 'over and over').
常見錯誤
11. used at the start of a comment to show that the speaker feels surprised or annoy
used at the start of a comment to show that the speaker feels surprised or annoyed by something
And you actually believed everything he said about the lottery?
And + question — expresses disbelief
And then she just walked out without saying goodbye to anyone.
And you expected me to finish all this work in one single day?
And he calls himself a professional chef after burning the pasta?
And nobody thought to tell Daniel that the meeting had been cancelled?
文法句型
And + clause (expressing surprise)
用法筆記
Used at the start of a sentence or clause, almost always in informal conversation. The tone of voice shows the emotion — in writing, an exclamation mark or question mark often follows.