circulation
/ˌsɜːkjəˈleɪʃn/ (bre, ipa) · /ˌsɜːrkjəˈleɪʃn/ (ame, ipa) · /ˌsər-kyə-ˈlā-shən/ (ame, mw)
circulation — noun
- circulationsingular
- circulationsplural
1. the way in which news, ideas, money, or products move through a community or soc
the way in which news, ideas, money, or products move through a community or society, reaching many different people or places.
The new fifty-dollar note entered circulation at banks across Taiwan last week.
enter circulation — start being used by the public
Priya was surprised to learn that her photograph had entered circulation on several websites.
Old coins that are no longer in circulation can be quite valuable to collectors.
The central bank put two million new notes into circulation before Lunar New Year.
False information about the storm achieved rapid circulation across social media platforms.
- spread
less structured and can apply to physical things like disease; circulation implies movement through a network
- transmission
focuses on the act of passing from a sender to a receiver, often for signals or data
- dissemination
more formal and deliberate, emphasising active scattering of information to a wide audience
- withdrawal
the removal of something from circulation, especially money or official documents
- stagnation
lack of movement or flow, the opposite of active circulation
用法筆記
Frequently used in fixed phrases: in circulation, out of circulation, put into circulation, and withdraw from circulation. The subject or object is typically money, news, information, or goods. Out of circulation can also refer metaphorically to a person who is not currently socialising.
常見錯誤
2. the count of issues of a periodical that readers buy, usually expressed per day,
the count of issues of a periodical that readers buy, usually expressed per day, week, or month.
The fashion magazine has a monthly circulation of around 150,000 copies in Japan.
has a circulation of [number] — expressing sales figures
Local newspapers have seen their circulation fall sharply since digital news became popular.
circulation falls/declines — downward trend in readership
The editor was proud that the paper's daily circulation grew by twenty percent last year.
Advertisers always check the circulation figures before they decide where to place their ads.
- readership
broader term that includes people who borrow or share copies, not just those who buy
- sales
focuses on the commercial transaction rather than the social reach
用法筆記
Usually used with a number or figure, often in the construction 'has a circulation of + number'. Commonly modified by 'daily', 'weekly', or 'monthly'. Not used for electronic-only publications — online readership is usually called 'unique visitors' or 'page views'.
常見錯誤
3. the movement by which the heart pumps blood through veins and arteries so that e
the movement by which the heart pumps blood through veins and arteries so that every organ in the body receives the oxygen and fuel it needs.
Regular exercise improves blood circulation and helps keep the heart strong.
improve circulation — make blood flow better
The doctor checked Hana's circulation by feeling the pulse in her wrist.
check (someone's) circulation — medical examination
People with poor circulation often feel cold in their hands and feet during winter.
A gentle massage can stimulate circulation in sore muscles after a long run.
- blood flow
more specific about the movement of blood as a stream, used in exercise and physiology contexts
用法筆記
Often modified by 'poor', 'good', 'healthy', or 'improved'. Although 'blood circulation' is common, the word 'circulation' alone implies blood when the context is medical. The circulatory system includes the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.