collaboration
/kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn/ (bre, ipa) · /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn/ (ame, ipa) · /kə-ˌla-bə-ˈrā-shən/ (ame, mw)
collaboration — noun
- collaborationsingular
- collaborationsplural
1. a situation where several people join forces to create something or reach a shar
a situation where several people join forces to create something or reach a shared objective, each bringing their own abilities to the task
The collaboration between Ravi's lab and Dr. Okafor's team led to a major medical discovery.
collocation: collaboration between [two parties]
Close collaboration among the three departments helped the hospital respond faster during the crisis.
Priya and Diego began their collaboration on the art project in early March.
The collaboration between Wen's architecture studio and the local museum restored five ancient frescoes for the spring exhibition.
The software company encourages collaboration between designers and engineers from day one.
- cooperation
more general; implies helping or not hindering rather than actively creating something together
- partnership
suggests a formal, long-term arrangement between organizations or individuals
- teamwork
focuses on how well a group works collectively, often within the same organization
- joint effort
emphasizes that the work is shared, often for a single specific task
- individual work
work done alone without input from others
- competition
working against rather than with others to achieve a goal
文法句型
collaboration between [two or more parties]
collaboration with [someone/something]
collaboration on [a project/task]
用法筆記
Commonly paired with prepositions between, with, and on. In its uncountable form, it describes the general activity; in its countable form (a collaboration), it refers to a specific working partnership or joint project.
常見錯誤
2. a finished product made through joint effort, such as a book, film, song, or res
a finished product made through joint effort, such as a book, film, song, or research study that involves more than one person or organization
This photography book is a collaboration between Amara and a team of nature writers.
countable: a collaboration between [people]
The film was a rare collaboration between two famous directors from different countries.
Hana's latest song is a collaboration with several musicians from South America.
The research paper was a collaboration among universities in Japan, Brazil, and Kenya.
- joint work
slightly more formal; used for academic or professional contexts
- co-production
specifically used for films, TV shows, or media projects produced by multiple companies
- co-creation
emphasizes the creative aspect; common in design, art, and innovation
- solo work
a creative work produced by one person alone
文法句型
a collaboration between [A] and [B]
a collaboration with [someone]
[adjective] collaboration between [people/groups]
用法筆記
Always countable. The focus is on the finished product rather than the process of working together. Often modified by an adjective (a unique collaboration, a landmark collaboration) or a descriptive noun (a film collaboration, a musical collaboration).
常見錯誤
3. cooperating with a hostile force that has taken over your country, viewed as a b
cooperating with a hostile force that has taken over your country, viewed as a betrayal rather than a neutral partnership
During the war, anyone suspected of collaboration with the enemy faced severe punishment.
collocation: collaboration with the enemy
The general was tried for collaboration after the occupying forces left the region.
passive: tried for collaboration
Historians still debate whether her actions were survival or active collaboration.
Collaboration with the occupying army was treated as treason by the post-war government.
- treason
broader legal term for betraying one's country; collaboration is a specific form of treason
- collaborationism
a more formal, academic term for the same idea; less common in everyday use
- collusion
secret cooperation, often for dishonest purposes; broader than the wartime sense
- resistance
fighting or refusing to cooperate with an occupying enemy
- patriotism
loyal support for one's country, especially during a conflict
文法句型
collaboration with [an enemy / occupying force]
suspected of collaboration
accused of collaboration
用法筆記
Always uncountable and carries a strong negative moral judgment. This sense is specific to historical or political contexts involving wartime occupation. Do not use this sense to describe ordinary business or creative partnerships.