established
/ɪˈstæblɪʃt/ (bre, ipa) · /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/ (ame, ipa) · /i-ˈsta-blisht/ (ame, mw)
established — adjective
- establishedpositive
- more establishedcomparative
- most establishedsuperlative
1. describes something that has existed for a long time and is therefore accepted,
describes something that has existed for a long time and is therefore accepted, respected, or considered normal by many people.
The university has an established tradition of welcoming international students from all over the world.
collocation: established tradition
In many parts of Asia, removing shoes before entering a home is an established custom.
collocation: established custom
The new manager decided to follow the established procedures rather than introduce her own methods.
Dr. Patel's well-established habit of brushing after every meal kept his teeth healthy for decades.
Ananya challenged the established rules about who could join the club.
- accepted
focuses on general approval rather than longevity
- traditional
implies passing down through generations; more specific than established
- recognized
emphasises formal or public acknowledgement
- new
simply recent, not yet proven by time
- unconventional
goes against what is normally accepted
文法句型
established + noun
well established
用法筆記
Frequently used before nouns such as 'tradition', 'custom', 'practice', 'procedure', 'rule', 'order'. Also common in the compound 'well-established'.
常見錯誤
2. describes a person whose long experience in a particular job or field has earned
describes a person whose long experience in a particular job or field has earned them a strong reputation and a respected position among their peers.
Dr. Okafor is an established surgeon who has performed over two thousand successful operations.
subject: person + medical profession
After twenty years in fashion, Elena became an established designer with clients across Europe.
The gallery only shows work by established artists whose paintings have appeared in major museums.
Even an established actor like Kwame feels nervous before a new opening night.
The firm hired an established lawyer to handle the complex international case.
- well-known
emphasises fame; can apply to people and things alike
- experienced
focuses on length of practice rather than reputation
- eminent
more formal, implies high standing within a field
文法句型
established + profession noun
用法筆記
Typically used attributively before nouns for professions (artist, designer, doctor, lawyer, actor, writer, musician). Not usually used in predicative position (e.g. 'the doctor is established' sounds incomplete without a complement like 'in her field').
常見錯誤
3. (of a plant, tree, or animal population) having started to grow successfully in
(of a plant, tree, or animal population) having started to grow successfully in a particular place and become a stable part of the local environment.
The established trees in the park provide shade for the younger flowers planted beneath them.
domain: plants/trees
After the drought, only the most established plants survived in Ingrid's garden.
The local bird sanctuary now counts over fifty established species that breed there every year.
Wei noticed the established bushes bloomed nearly two weeks before the new ones.
- newly planted
recently introduced, not yet settled
- alien
non-native; may not be successfully growing
文法句型
established + plant/tree/species
用法筆記
Common in ecology, gardening, and horticulture writing. Often contrasts newly introduced or planted specimens with those that have already settled in.
4. relates to a religious organisation that a government has officially chosen as t
relates to a religious organisation that a government has officially chosen as the country's national faith, giving it legal recognition and privileges.
The Church of England is the established church, with the monarch as its head.
domain: state religion / British context
In several Nordic countries, the established religion receives tax funding from the government.
Citizens are free to follow any faith, even one different from their country's established church.
Sofia's family attended the established church for weddings and national ceremonies throughout her childhood.
- official
broader meaning; not specific to religion
- state-sanctioned
emphasises government approval; more formal
- nonconformist
Protestant groups that separated from the established church
- independent
not tied to any state structure
文法句型
established + church/religion
用法筆記
Primarily used in British and Northern European contexts where a state church exists. Usually capitalised when forming part of a proper name (e.g. the Established Church).