excluding
excluding — preposition
1. used to show that someone or something is not counted as part of a total, list,
used to show that someone or something is not counted as part of a total, list, or group, and is therefore left out of that particular set.
The meal costs NT$800, excluding drinks and dessert.
excluding + noun phrase (cost context)
Excluding weekends, the library is open from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m.
All staff members, excluding the night-shift nurses, attended the training session.
The report covers sales for the first quarter, excluding the holiday season.
The store is open every day, excluding Sundays and public holidays.
- not counting
more informal and conversational than 'excluding'
- except
used for single items or people; common in both formal and informal contexts
- including
the direct opposite — shows what is counted in a total
文法句型
excluding + noun phrase
用法筆記
Frequently used in financial, statistical, and scheduling contexts to clarify what is not part of a total. The phrase 'excluding + noun phrase' can appear at the beginning or end of a sentence.
常見錯誤
excluding — verb
1. to deliberately prevent a person, animal, or object from entering a place or are
to deliberately prevent a person, animal, or object from entering a place or area, often using a physical barrier, rule, or official decision.
The security guard excluded all visitors from the building after hours.
exclude + person + from + place
A high wooden fence was built around the vegetable patch to exclude deer from the garden.
passive: be excluded from [place]
New safety rules excluded children from entering the laboratory without a teacher present.
The city council voted to exclude private cars from the old town centre during market days.
Visitors were excluded from the hospital ward while the patient was receiving treatment.
文法句型
exclude + noun phrase + from + noun phrase
用法筆記
Often used in the passive voice ('be excluded from'). The preposition 'from' is always required when stating where the person or thing is kept out. Subject is typically a person, authority (committee, council), or physical barrier.
常見錯誤
2. to intentionally not include someone or something in an activity, decision, list
to intentionally not include someone or something in an activity, decision, list, group, or process so that they are left out of it.
The committee excluded Amara's proposal from the final report because of the late submission.
exclude + abstract thing + from + document/process
Elena felt excluded from the conversation because everyone was speaking in a language she did not know.
passive: feel excluded from [activity]
Many insurance plans exclude coverage for dental treatments that are purely cosmetic.
The scholarship programme excludes any applicant who has already earned a university degree.
Kwame was excluded from the team selection after he missed three training sessions in a row.
文法句型
exclude + noun phrase + from + noun phrase
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 1 (KEEP OUT): sense 1 is about physically preventing entry to a place; this sense is about deliberately not including someone in a social group, plan, consideration, or list. The object is often a person, an idea, or a category of item. Subject is often an organisation, committee, policy, or plan.
常見錯誤
3. to force someone to leave a place, organisation, school, or position — usually b
to force someone to leave a place, organisation, school, or position — usually because they have broken rules or done something unacceptable, or as part of a legal or disciplinary process.
The school board voted to exclude the student for repeatedly cheating on exams.
academic disciplinary context
After the financial scandal, Omar was excluded from his position on the board of directors.
passive: excluded from [position/role]
The housing authority excluded the family from the apartment for failing to pay rent for six months.
Several members were excluded from the association for violating the code of conduct.
Children with chickenpox were excluded from school until the rash had completely cleared up.
文法句型
exclude + noun phrase + from + noun phrase
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 1 (KEEP OUT): sense 1 prevents entry from outside; this sense removes someone who was already inside. The expelled person previously had access or membership. Formal register — more common in legal, academic, and medical contexts than in everyday conversation.