the above
the above — noun
1. a person, group, or piece of information that has already been named or written
a person, group, or piece of information that has already been named or written about earlier in the same letter, report, or document.
The above proves that the school's new reading programme improved test scores.
the above + verb (proves) — standalone subject
If you disagree with any of the above, please write to us within fourteen days.
any of the above — partitive pattern
Selim read the above twice before signing the contract on behalf of his company.
All of the above conditions must be met before the grant money is released.
- the foregoing
more formal, used mainly in legal or very formal writing
- the aforementioned
even more formal than 'the above'; common in legal documents
- the preceding
used when referring to text, images, or sections that come immediately before the current point
- the following
refers to what comes after the current point in a document
文法句型
the above + verb
the above + noun
all of the above
用法筆記
Only sense that can be modified by 'all of' or 'any of' before the word itself. Frequently used as the subject in formal correspondence. This sense picks out a specific referent (person, thing, fact) that was already named — compare with the idiom sense, which functions as a discourse marker rather than a referential noun phrase.
常見錯誤
the above — idiom
1. a formal discourse marker used to introduce a conclusion, decision, or instructi
a formal discourse marker used to introduce a conclusion, decision, or instruction that follows from text already provided earlier in a piece of writing.
Per the above, all employees must complete the safety training before October 1st.
per the above — introduces a directive based on earlier text
In light of the above, the committee postponed the vote until next month.
in light of the above — logical conclusion pattern
Piotr referred to the above-mentioned budget figures during his presentation to the board.
As stated in the above, the university will offer full scholarships to all qualifying students.
- as noted above
slightly less formal, common in emails and reports
- as previously stated
similar meaning but avoids the word 'above', useful when the reference isn't spatially above
文法句型
per the above
as per the above
in light of the above
the above-mentioned + noun
用法筆記
Functions as a discourse-level connective, not a referential noun phrase. Unlike the noun sense (which picks out a specific person, thing, or fact), this idiom frames the entire preceding text as the basis for a new claim or directive. Common in business emails, legal memos, and academic papers.