federal
/ˈfedərəl/ (bre, ipa) · /ˈfedərəl/ (ame, ipa) · /ˈfe-d(ə-)rəl/ (ame, mw)
federal — 形容詞
- federalpositive
- more federalcomparative
- most federalsuperlative
1. used to describe the nationwide ruling body in a country formed by a union of st
聯邦政府
指聯邦的中央政府而非州政府
used to describe the nationwide ruling body in a country formed by a union of states — for instance, the central administration based in Washington that runs the whole United States, rather than any single state's own government.
A federal judge in New York ruled the new policy was unconstitutional.
紐約的一位聯邦法官裁定這項新政策違憲。
federal judge — a judge in the national court system
The federal government sent emergency aid to communities hit by the flood.
聯邦政府向遭受水災的社區發送了緊急援助。
Chidi files a federal tax return every year before the April deadline.
Chidi 每年四月截止日前都要申報聯邦所得稅。
Ilan appealed the state court's ruling to a federal circuit court in San Francisco.
Ilan 將州法院的裁決上訴到位於舊金山的聯邦巡迴上訴法院。
Esteban's company must follow safety rules set by a federal agency.
Esteban 的公司必須遵守聯邦機構制定的安全規範。
文法句型
federal + noun
用法筆記
Often capitalized when referring specifically to the US central government ('Federal government'). The closest opposite in this sense is 'state' or 'local'.
常見錯誤
2. describing a country or political arrangement in which a central government shar
聯邦制
中央與地方分權的政治體制
describing a country or political arrangement in which a central government shares decision-making power with the governments of individual states or provinces.
Germany has a federal system where each state controls its own schools.
德國採用聯邦制，各州自行負責教育事務。
federal system — a country's political structure of shared power
Canada is a federal state whose provinces enjoy significant independence.
加拿大是一個聯邦制國家，各省享有相當大的自治權。
In Brazil's federal system, each state runs its own schools while the federal government sets national curriculum standards.
在巴西的聯邦制度下，各州自行管理教育事務，而聯邦政府制定全國課程標準。
Switzerland's federal model gives each canton the power to set local taxes.
瑞士的聯邦模式允許各邦自行決定地方稅率。
Nikhil compared federal and unitary governments for his political science class.
Nikhil 為了政治學課程比較了聯邦制與單一制政府。
- confederate
describes looser unions where regions keep more power than in a federation
- unitary
describes a system where the central government holds most authority and regions have limited powers
文法句型
federal + [noun describing a political structure]
用法筆記
Commonly placed before nouns like 'system', 'republic', 'state', 'model', or 'government'. The opposite of a 'federal' arrangement is a 'unitary' one, where the central government holds most power.
常見錯誤
federal — 名詞
1. an officer or agent who works for a national law enforcement agency in the Unite
聯邦探員
聯邦執法人員或幹員
an officer or agent who works for a national law enforcement agency in the United States, such as the FBI or the DEA.
The federals raided the warehouse and seized all the documents.
聯邦探員突襲了那間倉庫，查扣了所有文件。
the federals (plural, informal) — FBI or other federal agents
Yuna was stopped by a federal at the airport for a random bag check.
Yuna 在機場被一名聯邦探員攔下進行隨機行李檢查。
Asher heard that the federals were investigating the company's finances.
Asher 聽說聯邦探員正在調查那家公司的財務狀況。
Christopher told his family that a federal had contacted him about the fraud case.
Christopher 告訴家人，一名聯邦探員就詐欺案與他聯繫過。
文法句型
the federals (plural)
a federal (singular)
用法筆記
Informal usage common in journalism, crime dramas, and everyday speech. The short form 'fed' is even more casual and very frequent in spoken American English. In formal writing, use 'federal agent' or specify the agency (e.g. 'FBI agent'). Distinguish from the historical noun sense (sense 2, CIVIL WAR SUPPORTER) which is always capitalized and limited to Civil War contexts.
常見錯誤
2. a person who supported the national government of the United States against the
聯邦派
美國內戰期間支持聯邦者
a person who supported the national government of the United States against the Confederate states during the American Civil War (1861–1865).
The Federals held control of the main railway junctions throughout the war.
聯邦派在整場戰爭中始終控制著主要鐵路樞紐。
Federals (capitalized) — historical term for Union supporters
As a committed Federal, Senator Stevens refused to negotiate with Confederate leaders.
作為堅定的聯邦派，Stevens 參議員拒絕與南方聯盟領袖談判。
Historical records show that most Federals came from the Northern states.
歷史記錄顯示，大多數聯邦派來自北方各州。
Federal soldiers guarded the capital against Confederate attacks.
聯邦士兵在戰爭中守衛首都，抵禦南方聯盟的進攻。
- Unionist
broader term for anyone who supported the Union during the Civil War
- Northerner
describes geographic origin rather than political allegiance
- Confederate
a person who supported the breakaway Southern states
- Rebel
informal historical term for a Confederate supporter
文法句型
the Federals (plural)
用法筆記
Always capitalized. This meaning is limited to the context of the US Civil War (1861–1865) and is now mostly found in historical writing. Not to be confused with the more common, informal noun sense referring to a federal law enforcement agent (sense 1).