endorsement
Word family
Synonym discussion
Sense: noun/1
All four words describe positive responses, but endorsement stands apart because it is almost always public and formal. Approval is the broadest term — you can give approval in private or public, and it can be as simple as a nod. Backing adds the idea of active assistance, such as financial resources or organisational weight, not just words. Support is the most general, covering everything from emotional encouragement to political allegiance. Sanction is the most formal and official, often carrying legal or institutional authority — a government may sanction a policy, but a friend sanctions nothing. In everyday use, say endorsement when the context involves a public declaration (a newspaper supports a candidate), and use support or approval for quieter, personal situations.
Common collocations
Etymology
Endorsement comes from the verb endorse, which entered English in the 1400s from Latin indorsare — a combination of in- (on) and dorsum (back). The original meaning was literal: to sign one's name on the back of a document. Over time, the term broadened from this physical act of signing to include the idea of confirming, approving, or publicly supporting someone or something. The suffix -ment turns the verb into a noun, as with commitment or enjoyment.