render
/ˈrendə(r)/ (bre, ipa) · /ˈrendər/ (ame, ipa) · /ˈren-dər/ (ame, mw)
render — verb
- renderpresent simple I / you / we / they
- rendershe / she / it
- renderedpast simple
- rendering-ing form
1. to make someone or something become a particular way, especially when the change
to make someone or something become a particular way, especially when the change is strong or sudden; often used in formal or written English to describe the effect of an event, action, or condition.
The massive earthquake rendered thousands of families homeless overnight.
render + object + adjective
Years of poor maintenance had rendered the old bridge unsafe for vehicles.
render + object + adjective (cause)
Hao's sudden illness rendered him unable to attend the graduation ceremony.
The new software update rendered my old computer completely useless.
Heavy snowfall rendered the mountain roads impassable for three days.
- make
everyday equivalent; less formal than 'render'
- leave
focuses on the resulting state after something happens; 'leave someone speechless'
- cause to become
more literal and longer; used in explanations
- preserve
to keep something in its existing state rather than changing it
文法句型
render + object + adjective
render + object + noun phrase
用法筆記
Frequently used in formal and written English rather than in casual speech. In everyday conversation, 'make' is far more common. The pattern is render + noun/pronoun + adjective (e.g., 'render it impossible'), not render + that-clause. Often appears in the passive voice: 'was rendered helpless'.
常見錯誤
2. to take words originally written or spoken in one language and rewrite them in a
to take words originally written or spoken in one language and rewrite them in a second language; also refers to representing an idea through an alternative medium, like translating a story into a film.
The poem has been rendered into English by several different translators.
passive: render + into + language
The Japanese term 'wabi-sabi' is difficult to render in a single English word.
render + in + language/medium
Piotr's job involves rendering technical manuals from Polish into German.
The Japanese folktale was rendered as an animated film that captivated audiences worldwide.
The artist rendered scenes from the ancient myth in a series of charcoal drawings.
文法句型
render + object + into/as + language
用法筆記
This sense is the most literary of the translation-related uses. For everyday translation, 'translate' is the usual word. 'Render' is preferred when the translation requires interpretation or artistry, or when the output is in a different medium (e.g., book to film). Distinguish from sense 1 (CAUSE TO BECOME): here the object is language or artistic content, not a person or thing being changed.
常見錯誤
3. to give help, a service, an opinion, a judgment, or a performance to someone; to
to give help, a service, an opinion, a judgment, or a performance to someone; to provide something that is expected, required, or officially due.
The charity has rendered valuable assistance to more than two thousand families.
render + assistance + to + recipient
After hearing both sides, the judge rendered a verdict of not guilty.
render + a verdict/judgment (legal context)
Walid asked the committee to render a final decision by Friday.
The embassy rendered urgent consular assistance to the stranded travellers.
Noa rendered a public apology for the mistake made by the team.
- withhold
to deliberately not give something that is expected or due
文法句型
render + something
render + something + to + someone
render + someone + a service
用法筆記
This sense covers a wide range of objects: services, assistance, opinions, decisions, verdicts, performances, and apologies. The object determines the sub-meaning. Common in legal contexts ('render a verdict'), formal service contexts ('render aid'), and performance contexts ('render a song'). In casual speech, 'give' or 'provide' is more natural. The double-object structure ('render someone a service') is possible but less common than 'render a service to someone'.
常見錯誤
4. to apply an initial coating of cement, plaster, or stucco onto an exterior or in
to apply an initial coating of cement, plaster, or stucco onto an exterior or interior wall surface, preparing it for painting or decoration.
The builders rendered the exterior walls with a cement mixture before painting.
render + surface + with + material
The old cottage has been newly rendered with a lime-based plaster on all sides, giving it a clean finish.
passive: rendered with + material (plastering process)
Ravindra learned to render stone walls during his apprenticeship with a local builder.
A damp-proof layer was added before the wall was rendered inside and out.
文法句型
render + wall/surface + with/in + material
用法筆記
A specialized construction term, most common in British English. The noun form (the render) also exists for the coating itself. In American English, 'stucco' or 'plaster' is more commonly used as the verb. The noun form 'rendering' is also used for the coating layer.
常見錯誤
render — noun
1. a payment or service that a feudal tenant was required to give to a lord in retu
a payment or service that a feudal tenant was required to give to a lord in return for the right to use land, typically in the form of goods, crops, or labour.
Under the feudal system, each tenant paid render to the lord at harvest time.
The ancient records list annual renders of grain, firewood, and poultry.
render + of + goods (historical accounting)
Failure to deliver the required render could result in the loss of land.
The new lord demanded a larger render from every family in the village.
用法筆記
An archaic or historical term, almost never used in modern everyday English except when discussing medieval history or feudal law. The phrase 'render unto Caesar' (from the Bible) preserves an older meaning of giving what is due. Most modern learners will only encounter this sense in historical texts or religious references.