rendered
rendered — 名詞
1. Goods or money that a person living on a lord's land in medieval times was requi
進貢
佃農向領主繳納的實物或金錢
Goods or money that a person living on a lord's land in medieval times was required to give to that lord as payment for being allowed to use the land.
Each winter the miller delivered a barrel of cider as his annual rendered to the manor.
每年冬天，磨坊主都會送一桶蘋果酒到莊園，當作當年的進貢。
historical register: rendered = feudal payment in kind
The old legal document listed the renders expected from every tenant on the estate.
那份古老的法律文件列出了莊園上每個佃戶應繳的進貢。
noun form: renders = plural feudal payments
When a tenant failed to pay his render, the lord could take back the land.
如果佃戶未能繳納進貢，領主有權收回土地。
The monastery kept careful records of all renders received from its farming villages.
修道院仔細記錄了從其所屬農業村莊收到的所有進貢。
用法筆記
This sense is now historical and only appears in discussions of medieval law or economic history. The noun is most commonly used in plural form (renders).
rendered — 動詞
- renderedpresent simple I / you / we / they
- rendereds3rd person singular
- rendereding-ing form
- renderededpast simple
1. To make someone or something change into a particular condition or state, often
使成爲
使人或事物變成某種狀態
To make someone or something change into a particular condition or state, often one that is difficult, unpleasant, or new. For example, a machine can be rendered useless by a single broken part, or a sad event can render someone speechless.
The heavy snow rendered the mountain roads impassable for three days.
大雪使山路在三天內完全無法通行。
render + noun + adjective: rendered + roads + impassable
Nila was rendered speechless when she saw the surprise party her colleagues had arranged.
Nila 看到同事們為她準備的驚喜派對時，驚訝得說不出話來。
passive: was rendered + adjective
A power cut during the storm rendered all the refrigerators in the market useless.
暴風雨期間停電，使得市場裡所有的冰箱都無法使用。
New safety rules have rendered several older factory machines obsolete.
新的安全規定讓好幾臺老舊的工廠機器變成了過時的設備。
文法句型
render + noun/pronoun + adjective
用法筆記
Typically used with an object + an adjective complement. The adjective almost always describes a negative or neutral outcome (useless, impossible, speechless, obsolete, helpless). Positive results (e.g., 'rendered happy') are extremely rare.
常見錯誤
2. To take a text or spoken message and express its meaning in a different language
翻譯
將文字或語言轉換為另一種語言
To take a text or spoken message and express its meaning in a different language, paying careful attention to the original sense and tone.
The ancient poem was rendered into modern French by a well-known scholar.
那首古詩由一位知名學者翻譯成現代法語。
passive: was rendered into [language]
Kian asked a professional translator to render the contract from Japanese into English.
Kian 聘請專業翻譯將合約從日文翻成英文。
render + from [language] + into [language]
Some idioms are nearly impossible to render in a second language without losing their humour.
有些慣用語翻譯成另一種語言時幾乎無法保留原來的幽默感。
The volunteer rendered the hospital's information leaflet into three regional languages.
志工將醫院的資訊手冊翻譯成三種區域語言。
文法句型
render + noun + into + language
用法筆記
More formal than 'translate'. Often used when the translation involves capturing nuance, style, or cultural meaning, not just converting words mechanically.
常見錯誤
3. To represent or show someone or something in a painting, drawing, sculpture, or
描繪
以藝術手法表現人物或景物
To represent or show someone or something in a painting, drawing, sculpture, or other visual artwork, especially with a particular style or emotional quality.
The artist rendered the old town in soft watercolours that captured the morning light beautifully.
那位藝術家用柔和的水彩描繪老城區，完美捕捉了早晨的光線。
render + subject + in [medium/technique]
In the mural, the figure of the dancer is rendered as a swirl of bright orange and red shapes.
在這幅壁畫中，舞者的形象被表現為橘色與紅色的流動線條。
passive: rendered as [form/shape]
Maeve spent weeks rendering every detail of the cathedral's stone carvings in her sketchbook.
Maeve 花了數週時間，仔細描繪大教堂石雕上的每一個細節。
The illustrator rendered the forest scene so vividly that readers could almost smell the pine trees.
插畫家將森林的景象描繪得栩栩如生，讀者幾乎能聞到松樹的氣味。
文法句型
render + noun + as + noun/adjective
用法筆記
Often implies a careful, skilled, or technically detailed representation rather than a quick sketch. Common in art criticism and discussions of technique.
4. To perform a piece of music, a song, a poem, or a dramatic role for an audience,
演奏；表演
演奏樂曲或表演詩歌戲劇
To perform a piece of music, a song, a poem, or a dramatic role for an audience, typically with emotion and personal interpretation.
The pianist rendered Chopin's nocturne with delicate emotion that left the audience silent.
鋼琴家以細膩的情感演奏蕭邦的夜曲，全場觀眾鴉雀無聲。
render + composer's work + with [quality]
Heloísa rendered the folk song in a slow, haunting style that gave the lyrics new meaning.
Heloísa 以緩慢而動人的方式演唱那首民謠，為歌詞賦予了全新的意義。
At the poetry evening, several students rendered their favourite verses in both languages.
詩歌晚會上，幾位學生用兩種語言朗誦了他們最喜愛的詩句。
The school choir rendered a cheerful arrangement of a traditional harvest song.
學校合唱團演唱了一首傳統豐收歌曲的歡樂改編版。
文法句型
render + a piece/song/poem
用法筆記
Found especially in arts reviews and programme notes. Suggests a performance that is thoughtful and interpretive, not just technically correct.
5. To give help, care, assistance, or a useful service to someone who needs it. For
提供；給予
提供服務、幫助或支援
To give help, care, assistance, or a useful service to someone who needs it. For example, medical staff render first aid to an injured person, or a lawyer renders legal advice to a client.
The Red Cross volunteers rendered medical aid to families affected by the earthquake within hours of the disaster.
紅十字會的志工在災難發生後數小時內，就向受地震影響的家庭提供了醫療援助。
render + aid/service + to + recipient
Théo's uncle rendered twenty years of loyal service to the same fire station before retiring.
Théo 的叔叔在同一間消防站服務了二十年，直到退休為止。
render + [duration] + of + service
The charity renders free legal advice to refugees applying for asylum.
該慈善機構為申請庇護的難民提供免費的法律諮詢。
Ayana asked if the hotel could render assistance with booking a taxi to the airport.
Ayana 詢問飯店是否能提供叫計程車去機場的協助。
文法句型
render + service/help/aid + to + someone
用法筆記
Common in formal and institutional contexts. The object is typically an abstract noun such as service, aid, assistance, help, advice, or support. Less common with physical objects.
常見錯誤
6. For a judge, jury, or court to officially announce a legal decision or judgment
宣判
法官或陪審團正式宣布判決
For a judge, jury, or court to officially announce a legal decision or judgment after hearing the evidence in a trial.
After three days of deliberation, the jury rendered a verdict of not guilty.
經過三天的審議，陪審團宣判被告無罪。
render + a verdict (legal context)
The judge will render her final judgment on the property dispute next Monday morning.
法官將在下週一上午宣布她對這起房產糾紛的最終判決。
The court rendered its decision in favour of the environmental group, blocking the construction plan.
法院裁定環保團體勝訴，阻止了該項建設計畫。
The appeals court rendered a unanimous opinion that upheld the lower court's ruling.
上訴法院做出全體一致的裁決，維持了下級法院的判決。
文法句型
render + a verdict/judgment/decision
用法筆記
Exclusively legal and formal. Not used in everyday conversation about opinions. The subject is always a court, judge, or jury. Distinguish from sense 5 (PROVIDE SERVICE) which involves giving help rather than announcing a decision.
常見錯誤
7. To give something back to the person it belongs to, or to produce a suitable res
回報；歸還
歸還財物或回報謝意
To give something back to the person it belongs to, or to produce a suitable response such as thanks, payment, or an equivalent action in return for something that was received.
Upon completing the assignment, the consultant rendered a full report of all findings to the company directors.
顧問完成任務後，向公司董事提交了一份完整的調查報告。
render + report/account + to [recipient]
The old tradition requires that the community render thanks to the farmers who donate food for the festival.
這項傳統要求社區向那些為慶典捐贈食物的農民表達感謝。
render + thanks/gratitude
Tamar felt it was time to render the borrowed money to her brother so he could pay his rent.
Tamar 覺得是時候把借來的錢還給弟弟，好讓他繳房租了。
The musician rendered a heartfelt tribute to her mentor by playing his favourite composition at the concert.
那位音樂家在音樂會上演奏了恩師最喜歡的曲子，以此表達衷心的敬意。
- withhold
to keep back something that is owed or expected
文法句型
render + something + to + someone
用法筆記
Often used with abstract nouns like thanks, tribute, homage, account, or report. When used with concrete objects (e.g., borrowed money), the tone remains formal.
常見錯誤
8. To cover a wall, ceiling, or other surface with a first layer of plaster, cement
打底抹灰
牆壁底層水泥或灰泥塗層
To cover a wall, ceiling, or other surface with a first layer of plaster, cement, or similar material to make it smooth and ready for painting or decorating.
The builders rendered the exterior walls with a water-resistant cement mixture before painting them white.
建築工人先在外部牆壁上塗上一層防水水泥，然後才刷上白色油漆。
render + wall + with + material
Our house has old stone walls that were rendered with lime plaster more than a hundred years ago.
我們的房子有古老的石牆，一百多年前曾用石灰泥塗抹過。
Mauricio learned how to render a brick wall smoothly during his first month working on the renovation site.
Mauricio 在工地工作的第一個月就學會了如何將磚牆抹平。
The old cottage needs its walls rendered again before winter arrives.
這間老舊小屋的牆壁需要在冬天來臨前重新打底抹灰。
- plaster
a more general term for covering walls with plaster, not restricted to the first coat
文法句型
render + a wall/surface + with + material
用法筆記
A technical term used in construction and home renovation. The noun form 'rendering' is also common (e.g., 'the rendering on the south wall is cracked').
9. To give up control or possession of a person, object, or position, especially wh
交出；放棄
被迫交出控制權或財物
To give up control or possession of a person, object, or position, especially when forced by circumstances or because no other choice is available.
After a long siege, the soldiers finally rendered the fortress to the advancing army.
經過長期圍攻，士兵們最終向來犯的軍隊交出了堡壘。
render + [fortress/territory] + to [enemy]
Lakshmi had no choice but to render her passport to the embassy officials while the application was processed.
Lakshmi 別無選擇，只能把護照交給大使館人員，等候申請程序處理完畢。
The treaty required the defeated nation to render all captured prisoners and seized weapons to the alliance.
條約要求戰敗國將所有俘虜和沒收的武器交還給聯軍。
The captain ordered his crew to render their weapons and leave the ship peacefully.
船長命令船員交出武器，和平地離開船隻。
- retain
to keep possession or control of something
文法句型
render + something/someone + to + recipient
用法筆記
Strongly formal and somewhat literary. In modern everyday language, 'surrender' or 'hand over' are far more common. This sense is found mainly in historical writing, legal documents, or formal negotiations.