confirmation
/ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃn/ (bre, ipa) · /ˌkɑːnfərˈmeɪʃn/ (ame, ipa) · /ˌkän-fər-ˈmā-shən/ (ame, mw)
confirmation — noun
- confirmationsingular
- confirmationsplural
1. a written or spoken message that tells you that a meeting, reservation, or arran
a written or spoken message that tells you that a meeting, reservation, or arrangement you asked for has been definitely accepted and set.
Cyrus received an email confirmation for his flight to Tokyo.
email confirmation — common in travel contexts
The hotel sent Yuna a written confirmation of her booking for two nights.
confirmation of [booking/reservation]
We are still waiting for confirmation that the meeting room is available.
Ada called the restaurant to ask for a confirmation number.
- reservation
focuses on the booking itself, not the message confirming it
- acceptance
more general; not specific to appointments or bookings
- cancellation
the opposite of confirming a booking or arrangement
文法句型
confirmation + of + [noun phrase]
confirmation + that-clause
用法筆記
Commonly used with possessive adjectives ('their confirmation') and in compound nouns ('confirmation email', 'confirmation letter').
常見錯誤
2. facts, signs, or a statement that prove or give strong reason to believe that a
facts, signs, or a statement that prove or give strong reason to believe that a particular thing is true or correct.
The experiment provided clear confirmation of the scientist's theory.
confirmation of [theory/suspicion]
Rachid took the sudden silence as confirmation that his news had shocked everyone.
as confirmation + that-clause
No official confirmation of the accident has been released by the hospital.
Dahlia found the receipt, which was confirmation that she had paid the bill.
The team saw the improved test scores as confirmation of their new teaching method.
- proof
stronger and more conclusive; 'confirmation' often adds weight to an existing belief
- evidence
broader; evidence can be circumstantial, while confirmation is usually direct
- verification
more formal; implies a systematic check
- refutation
formal; evidence that proves something false
文法句型
confirmation + that-clause
confirmation + of + [noun]
用法筆記
Typically uncountable in this sense ('we have confirmation'). Frequently takes a that-clause ('confirmation that the project was on track').
常見錯誤
3. a Christian religious ceremony in which a person, often a teenager, publicly dec
a Christian religious ceremony in which a person, often a teenager, publicly declares their faith and is fully accepted into the church community.
Lien's confirmation ceremony took place at the local church on a Sunday morning.
The bishop led the confirmation service for thirty young people from the town.
confirmation service
Aaron received a leather-bound Bible as a gift on the day of his confirmation.
Eric's family held a small party at their home after his confirmation ceremony.
文法句型
[possessive] + confirmation
confirmation + ceremony
用法筆記
In Catholicism and some Protestant denominations, confirmation is one of the sacraments. Subject is typically a person ('her confirmation', 'his confirmation').
4. a ceremony in Reform Judaism in which young people, usually aged sixteen or olde
a ceremony in Reform Judaism in which young people, usually aged sixteen or older, publicly affirm their commitment to the Jewish faith and community.
Asher spent several months studying Jewish history for his confirmation ceremony.
The synagogue held a confirmation class for teenagers every Wednesday evening.
confirmation class
Nila's confirmation was part of a combined service with three other congregations.
Rabbis from several nearby towns attended the confirmation service in Portland.
文法句型
[possessive] + confirmation
用法筆記
Primarily associated with Reform Judaism; not practiced in Orthodox or most Conservative Jewish communities. The confirmation ceremony is different from a bar mitzvah or bat mitzvah.
5. the official act of formally approving a decision, appointment, or agreement so
the official act of formally approving a decision, appointment, or agreement so that it becomes legally valid.
The treaty will go into effect only after confirmation by the legislature.
confirmation by [governing body]
The appointment of the new director requires confirmation from the full board.
Confirmation of the agreement took place at the final session of the summit.
The board voted unanimously in confirmation of the new company policy.
- ratification
nearly identical, but 'ratification' strongly emphasizes the formal voting or signing step
- approval
broader and less formal; used for everyday as well as official contexts
- authorization
focuses on permission to proceed; used more for actions than agreements
文法句型
confirmation + by + [body]
confirmation + of + [decision/treaty]
用法筆記
Formal register. Subject is typically an institution (senate, board, committee) or a legal document. Frequently passive in structure ('confirmation was given by...').
常見錯誤
6. the process or activity of checking that information, a detail, or a system is a
the process or activity of checking that information, a detail, or a system is accurate, true, or in proper working order.
The technician ran a final test for confirmation of the system's safety.
for confirmation of — purpose phrase
Dahlia's main job involved the confirmation of all customer details before processing orders.
The lab results are still awaiting confirmation by a second specialist.
Each container requires confirmation of its weight before it leaves the factory.
- verification
nearly interchangeable; 'verification' is even more process-oriented
- validation
implies checking against a standard or requirement
文法句型
confirmation + of + [noun]
for confirmation
用法筆記
Focuses on the checking activity itself rather than the result. Common in procedural and technical contexts ('awaiting confirmation', 'confirmation process'). Distinguish from sense 2 (PROOF), which is about the evidence produced.