paradigmatic
paradigmatic — 形容詞
- paradigmaticpositive
- more paradigmaticcomparative
- most paradigmaticsuperlative
1. describing the way that different linguistic items can take the same place in a
聚合關係的
語言學中指詞彙可在同一位置互相替換的關係
describing the way that different linguistic items can take the same place in a sentence, so that picking one over another changes the meaning.
In class, the students mapped 'whisper', 'shout', and 'murmur' as a paradigmatic set of speaking verbs.
在課堂上，學生們把「whisper」、「shout」和「murmur」歸為一組說話動詞的聚合集合。
paradigmatic set + listing substitution-class members
Elena saw that 'must', 'should', and 'could' form a paradigmatic set — all go before a main verb.
Elena 發現「must」、「should」和「could」形成一組聚合集合——它們都出現在主要動詞之前。
paradigmatic link + modal verbs as substitution class
Replacing 'cottage' with 'mansion' in 'We bought a ___' changes the imagined scene — a paradigmatic choice.
在「We bought a ___」這個句子中，把「cottage」換成「mansion」，想像中的場景就變了——這就是一種聚合選擇。
Choosing between 'cat', 'dog', or 'rabbit' for one sentence slot is a paradigmatic decision.
說話者在一個句子位置中選擇要使用「cat」、「dog」還是「rabbit」，就是在做聚合決策。
- substitutional
more technical and less common; refers narrowly to the ability to substitute items in a slot
- syntagmatic
the complementary dimension of language — the sequential ordering of elements in a sentence
文法句型
paradigmatic + noun (relationship / link / axis / choice)
paradigmatic + between + plural noun phrase
用法筆記
In linguistics, paradigmatic relations are contrasted with syntagmatic relations (the linear ordering of elements in a sentence). Commonly used in attributive position: 'paradigmatic axis', 'paradigmatic analysis'.
常見錯誤
2. being a clear and representative example of a particular type, showing the most
典範；典型
代表某類事物最清楚、最具特徵的範例
being a clear and representative example of a particular type, showing the most important qualities that define that type.
The Watanabes' move from their village to Tokyo is paradigmatic of Japan's post-war shift.
渡邊家從鄉村搬到東京的歷程，堪稱日本戰後社會變遷的典範。
paradigmatic of + noun phrase describing a social transformation
Dr. Okafor's health programme is paradigmatic of the patient-first model that many hospitals now follow.
Okafor 醫師的健康計畫是許多醫院現在遵循的「以病人為中心」模式的典範。
For many critics, Picasso's 'Guernica' is the paradigmatic example of an anti-war painting.
在許多評論家看來，畢卡索的〈格爾尼卡〉是反戰繪畫的典型代表。
Many young athletes see Serena Williams as a paradigmatic model of determination and success.
許多年輕運動員將 Serena Williams 視為毅力與成功的典範。
- typical
much more common and less formal; can describe any instance that shares the usual features, not necessarily the clearest or best
- exemplary
emphasises that something sets a high standard worth imitating; paradigmatic emphasises representativeness rather than excellence
- archetypal
suggests an original pattern or prototype that others are based on; stronger and more literary than paradigmatic
- model
less formal; suggests something is an ideal to copy, often used in compounds like 'model student'
- atypical
not showing the usual qualities of its type
- uncharacteristic
not typical of a particular person or thing
文法句型
be + paradigmatic + of + noun phrase
paradigmatic + example / case / instance + of + noun phrase
用法筆記
Unlike 'typical', which can describe any common instance, 'paradigmatic' implies that something represents the ideal or clearest case of its category. Often followed by 'of': 'paradigmatic of the genre', 'paradigmatic of the era'.