commensalism
commensalism — 名詞
1. a biological arrangement between two living things where one species gains food,
片利共生
一方獲益，另一方不受影響的生物關係
a biological arrangement between two living things where one species gains food, shelter, or another benefit by living near or on the other, while the second species receives neither help nor harm from the interaction
Barnacles on a whale show commensalism — one species gets a home, the other is unaffected.
藤壺附在鯨魚身上是片利共生——一個物種得到棲所，另一個不受影響。
commensalism + be + example with contrastive clauses
A remora fish eats scraps near a shark, getting a meal without harming it.
䲟魚在鯊魚附近吃剩餘碎屑，獲得一餐卻不傷害牠。
one species benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed
Birds nesting in a tree without damaging it is a common form of commensalism.
鳥兒在樹上築巢而不傷害樹木，是常見的片利共生形式。
Cattle egrets follow livestock to eat disturbed insects — birds gain food, cattle unharmed.
牛背鷺跟著放牧的動物吃被驚擾的昆蟲——鳥得到食物，牛不受影響。
Liang observed commensalism in his garden where moss grew on rocks without harming them.
Liang 在自己的花園觀察到片利共生——苔蘚長在岩石上卻不造成傷害。
- parasitism
where one species benefits and the other is harmed, unlike commensalism where the second is unaffected
文法句型
commensalism + between + [plural noun phrase]
[noun phrase] + is a form/example of + commensalism
用法筆記
Uncountable noun in most contexts; commonly appears with 'between' to describe the two species involved. In ecology writing, use this term only when you can demonstrate the second species suffers no measurable effect — distinguishing it from mutualism (both benefit) and parasitism (one is harmed).