extrinsic
/eksˈtrɪnzɪk/ (bre, ipa) · /eksˈtrɪnzɪk/ (ame, ipa) · /ek-ˈstrin-zik -ˈstrin(t)-sik/ (ame, mw)
extrinsic — 形容詞
- extrinsicpositive
- more extrinsiccomparative
- most extrinsicsuperlative
1. starting from or caused by something outside a person, group, or situation, rath
外在的
非事物本質、來自外部的
starting from or caused by something outside a person, group, or situation, rather than being a natural or essential part of it; the opposite of intrinsic.
Talia argued that pay raises are extrinsic rewards and rarely build long-term motivation at work.
Talia 主張，加薪屬於外在的獎勵，很少能在職場上建立長期的動力。
attributive use: extrinsic + noun (reward / factor)
The committee blamed the project's failure on extrinsic factors such as the weather and the supplier strike.
委員會把專案失敗歸咎於外在因素，例如天氣和供應商罷工。
common collocation: extrinsic factors
Ignacio said the painting's true value was extrinsic to its frame and depended on the story behind it.
Ignacio 說，這幅畫真正的價值是外在於畫框的，取決於它背後的故事。
Many students learn faster when teachers reduce extrinsic pressure and let curiosity drive the lesson.
當老師減少外在的壓力、讓好奇心帶動課堂時，許多學生會學得更快。
Beauty, she insisted, is extrinsic to a person's worth and should never decide who gets the job.
她堅持，美貌是外在於一個人的價值的，絕不該決定誰能拿到這份工作。
- external
much more common in everyday speech; 'extrinsic' is the formal academic term
- outside
informal everyday equivalent
- extraneous
stresses that the thing is irrelevant or unwanted, not just external
文法句型
extrinsic to + noun
用法筆記
Frequently paired with abstract nouns like factor, reward, motivation, value, pressure. Often contrasted directly with intrinsic in the same sentence.
常見錯誤
2. in medical writing, describing a cause, agent, or influence that comes from some
外源性的
醫學上指來自身體外部的
in medical writing, describing a cause, agent, or influence that comes from somewhere outside the body, rather than from inside it.
Dr. Yara explained that allergens are an extrinsic cause of asthma, not something the body makes itself.
Yara 醫師解釋，過敏原是氣喘的外源性原因，並不是身體自己產生的。
medical: extrinsic cause vs. intrinsic cause
The textbook described radiation and chemicals as extrinsic agents that can damage healthy cells.
教科書把輻射和化學物質描述為可能傷害健康細胞的外源性因子。
collocation: extrinsic agent
Asher's eczema turned out to be the extrinsic type, triggered by soap and dust in the air.
Asher 的濕疹原來是外源性的那種，是肥皂和空氣中的灰塵引發的。
Many heart problems have both extrinsic causes, like diet, and intrinsic ones inside the heart muscle.
許多心臟問題既有像飲食這種外源性的原因，也有心肌內部的內在原因。
- exogenous
stricter medical term for things produced outside the body
- environmental
everyday alternative when talking about disease causes
- intrinsic
from inside the body itself
- endogenous
medical term for produced from inside
文法句型
extrinsic + noun (cause, factor, agent)
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 1 by domain: this sense appears in clinical writing about diseases, allergens, and toxins. Almost always attributive with medical nouns like cause, agent, factor.
3. in anatomy, used of a muscle that begins at one body part but moves a different,
外在肌的
起點遠離所動部位的肌肉
in anatomy, used of a muscle that begins at one body part but moves a different, nearby part — for example, muscles that start on the forearm but move the fingers.
Sari learned in class that extrinsic muscles of the hand actually start up in the forearm.
Sari 在課堂上學到，手部的外在肌其實是從前臂開始的。
anatomy: extrinsic muscles of the hand
The eye relies on six extrinsic muscles attached to the skull to swing it left, right, up, and down.
眼睛依靠六條附著在頭骨上的外在肌，讓眼球能向左、向右、向上、向下轉動。
collocation: extrinsic muscles of the eye
Lotte's physiotherapist said her finger pain came from tight extrinsic muscles in the lower arm.
Lotte 的物理治療師說，她手指的疼痛來自下臂裡緊繃的外在肌。
The tongue has both extrinsic muscles that move it and intrinsic muscles that change its shape.
舌頭同時擁有讓它移動的外在肌和改變它形狀的內在肌。
- intrinsic
muscle lying wholly within the part it moves
文法句型
extrinsic + muscle / muscles
用法筆記
Only appears in anatomy and physiotherapy contexts. Always attributive and almost always modifying 'muscle(s)'. Contrast with intrinsic muscles, which lie entirely inside the part they move.