ing
ing — 字尾
1. added to the base form of a verb to create its present participle, which is used
進行式；分詞
加在動詞原形後構成現在分詞
added to the base form of a verb to create its present participle, which is used in progressive tenses (such as 'is running' or 'was eating'), as a verbal adjective (such as 'a sleeping baby'), or as a gerund (such as 'Swimming is fun').
The children are swimming in the lake while their parents watch from the shore.
孩子們正在湖裡游泳，而他們的父母則在岸邊看著。
present continuous: be + verb-ing
Hugo was reading a novel when the power suddenly went out.
Hugo 正在看小說時，電力突然中斷了。
past continuous: was + verb-ing
Ayesha enjoys cooking traditional dishes for her family on weekends.
Ayesha 喜歡在週末為家人烹煮傳統菜餚。
gerund after 'enjoy': verb-ing as noun
The running water from the kitchen tap filled the bucket in minutes.
廚房水龍頭流出的水幾分鐘就裝滿了水桶。
verbal adjective: verb-ing modifying noun
Putri spends hours each week practising the piano in her room.
Putri 每週花好幾個小時在房間裡練習鋼琴。
verb-ing after 'spend time' pattern
- verb + ing
- be + verb-ing
- keep + verb-ing
- spend time + verb-ing
- enjoy + verb-ing
- stop + verb-ing
文法句型
[verb] + ing
用法筆記
The -ing suffix is added directly to most verbs (play → playing). For verbs ending in -e, drop the e before adding -ing (make → making). For verbs with a single vowel followed by a single consonant, double the consonant (run → running, swim → swimming).
常見錯誤
ing — 名詞字尾
1. added to a verb to form a noun that refers to the activity, practice, or process
動作；過程
加在動詞後構成表示活動或過程的名詞
added to a verb to form a noun that refers to the activity, practice, or process described by that verb
Swimming is one of the best forms of exercise for older adults.
游泳對年長者來說是最好的運動方式之一。
The building of the new hospital took nearly four years to complete.
新醫院的建造工程花了將近四年才完成。
verb-ing as noun referring to process
Regular walking can significantly improve your heart health over time.
規律走路可以隨著時間顯著改善你的心臟健康。
Mira finds that painting helps her relax after a long day at work.
Mira 發現畫畫能幫助她在漫長的一天工作後放鬆。
The teaching at Anong's school follows a very modern approach to maths.
Anong 學校的教學方式非常現代化，尤其是在數學方面。
- verb-ing + is fun/good
- go + verb-ing
- verb-ing + lessons
- verb-ing + class
文法句型
[verb] + ing → noun (activity)
用法筆記
Many -ing nouns formed this way are uncountable when referring to the general activity (Swimming is fun), but can become countable when referring to an instance or specific type (She took swimming lessons).
常見錯誤
2. added to a verb to form a noun that refers to the physical result, created objec
結果；產物
加在動詞後構成表示成果或物件的名詞
added to a verb to form a noun that refers to the physical result, created object, or product that comes from that action
A beautiful charcoal drawing of the old church hung on Dylan's wall.
一幅美麗的老教堂炭筆畫掛在 Dylan 的牆上。
The building on the corner of Elm Street has been empty for years.
Elm 街角的那棟建築物已經空了好幾年。
verb-ing as noun referring to a structure (result of building)
Gabriel made a small wood carving of an eagle for his sister.
Gabriel 用木頭雕刻了一隻小鷹送給妹妹。
Shirin's painting of the sunset won first prize at the county fair.
Shirin 的夕陽油畫在縣級比賽中贏得首獎。
The colourful wrapping around the gift was made of recycled paper.
禮物周圍色彩繽紛的包裝紙是用回收材料做的。
- a + verb-ing + of
- make a + verb-ing
- drawing/painting of
文法句型
[verb] + ing → noun (product/result)
用法筆記
Distinguish from the ACTION / PROCESS sense: 'the building of the bridge' (process) vs 'the building on the corner' (physical result). The context and article usage usually make the meaning clear.
3. added to a noun to form another noun that refers to a material, covering, system
相關物；材料
加在名詞後構成表示物料或設備的名詞
added to a noun to form another noun that refers to a material, covering, system, fitting, or equipment associated with that thing
The fresh bedding in the guest room smelled like lavender and cotton.
客房裡乾淨的寢具散發著薰衣草和棉花的香氣。
The old roofing on the barn was replaced after the winter storms.
穀倉上老舊的屋頂在冬季風暴後被換掉了。
noun + ing naming a covering material
Scaffolding covered the front of the museum while workers repaired the stone walls.
鷹架覆蓋了博物館的正面，工人正在修復石牆。
The plumbing in Amani's apartment building finally needed to be upgraded.
Amani 公寓大樓的管線系統終於需要更新了。
Thick cotton padding inside the jacket kept Lan warm during the mountain hike.
夾克裡厚厚的棉花襯墊讓 Lan 在山間健行時保持溫暖。
- fresh/clean + noun-ing
- install/replace + noun-ing
- noun-ing + on a building
文法句型
[noun] + ing → noun (material/system)
用法筆記
Most nouns formed this way are uncountable (bedding, roofing, scaffolding, plumbing, padding). They describe materials or systems as general categories rather than individual items. For example, 'bedding' refers to all the sheets, blankets, and pillows together, not a single sheet.
4. added to a noun or adjective to form a noun that refers to an individual member,
個體；單位
加在名詞後構成表示一類中單一成員的名詞
added to a noun or adjective to form a noun that refers to an individual member, unit, or entity of that category or kind
The old stone cottage was a charming dwelling with a thatched roof.
那棟古老石砌小屋是一間有茅草屋頂的可愛住所。
Anong spotted a strange being standing among the trees in the fog.
Anong 看見一個奇怪的生物站在迷霧中的樹林間。
adjective + ing → one entity of that kind
A shilling was worth twelve pennies in the old British money system.
在舊英國貨幣系統中，一先令相當於十二便士。
Every dwelling on the street was surveyed and mapped by the town office.
街上的每一戶住宅都經過鎮公所的測量和繪圖。
In the story each magical being protected a different part of the forest.
故事中每個魔法生物都守護著森林的不同部分。
- a dwelling
- a being
- every dwelling
- human being
文法句型
[noun/adjective] + ing → noun (individual entity)
用法筆記
This sense is more limited than the other noun suffix senses. Common examples include 'dwelling' (a place where people live), 'being' (a living creature), 'shilling' (a historical coin), and 'farthing' (a historical coin). Most of these are established nouns, not productive patterns for creating new words.