intemperance
/ɪnˈtempərəns/ (bre, ipa) · /ɪnˈtempərəns/ (ame, ipa) · /(ˌ)in-ˈtem-p(ə-)rən(t)s/ (ame, mw)
intemperance — 名詞
1. the habit of drinking far more alcohol than is wise or healthy, especially as a
酗酒
長期飲酒過量的習慣
the habit of drinking far more alcohol than is wise or healthy, especially as a long-running pattern.
The pastor warned his congregation against intemperance and other vices of the age.
牧師警告會眾要遠離酗酒以及這個時代的其他惡習。
abstract noun in a formal moral context
After years of intemperance, Christopher's liver finally gave out at age fifty.
經過多年酗酒，Christopher 的肝臟在五十歲那年終於撐不下去了。
after + years of + intemperance — long-term pattern
Dickens's novels often link intemperance to ruined families, jailed fathers, and empty kitchens.
Dickens 的小說常把酗酒與家庭破碎、父親入獄、家中無米下鍋連結在一起。
Hannah signed the temperance pledge as a public stand against intemperance.
Hannah 簽下了禁酒誓約，公開表態反對酗酒。
The judge cited the defendant's intemperance as a factor in the crash.
法官在判決中把被告的酗酒列為這場車禍的因素之一。
- drunkenness
more direct and informal; names the state rather than the long pattern
- alcoholism
modern clinical term; treats heavy drinking as a disease
- inebriety
rare and archaic; mostly appears in nineteenth-century medical writing
- temperance
the direct opposite — abstaining from or moderating alcohol
- sobriety
the state of not drinking; narrower than temperance
用法筆記
Frequently appears in religious, legal, and historical writing rather than everyday speech. Distinguish from sense 2 (general lack of self-control): this sense is specifically about alcohol.
常見錯誤
2. a habit of giving in to physical desires or strong feelings without checking the
放縱；無節制
對欲望沒有自我約束的習性
a habit of giving in to physical desires or strong feelings without checking them, especially for food, pleasure, or appetite of any kind.
Aristotle treated intemperance as a serious flaw of character, ranking it alongside cowardice and greed.
Aristotle 把放縱視為嚴重的人格缺陷，與怯懦和貪婪並列。
treat X as Y — formal evaluation frame
Aarav's coach blamed his poor finish on weeks of dietary intemperance before the race.
Aarav 的教練把他比賽成績不佳歸咎於賽前那幾週飲食的無節制。
dietary intemperance — modifier + noun pattern
Sofie's diary records months of spending intemperance that left her family bankrupt by spring.
Sofie 的日記記錄了好幾個月毫無節制的花費，到了春天她家就破產了。
Camila admitted that her holiday intemperance had undone six months of careful training.
Camila 坦承假期裡的放縱讓她半年來的訓練全都白費了。
Seneca taught his pupils that intemperance in any pleasure slowly weakens the will.
Seneca 教導學生，對任何享樂的無節制都會慢慢削弱意志力。
- self-indulgence
more neutral and modern; doesn't imply moral judgement as strongly
- immoderation
very formal; close synonym but rarer
- excess
broader and more common; often plural ('committed many excesses')
- moderation
the standard everyday opposite
- self-restraint
emphasises the active act of holding back
- temperance
formal opposite often paired with this sense
用法筆記
Often paired with a domain modifier (`dietary intemperance`, `spending intemperance`) or the preposition `in` (`intemperance in pleasure`). Distinguish from sense 1: this sense covers any appetite, not only alcohol.
常見錯誤
3. an outburst of anger, harsh language, or violence that is too strong for the sit
暴怒；失控
情緒或言語失控的劇烈發作
an outburst of anger, harsh language, or violence that is too strong for the situation and clearly out of the speaker's control.
Élise apologised the next morning for the intemperance of her remarks at dinner.
Élise 隔天早上為自己晚餐時言語的失控向大家道歉。
intemperance of one's remarks — formal apology phrasing
The newspaper criticised the senator's intemperance during the televised debate.
報紙批評那位參議員在電視辯論中的暴怒表現。
criticise + intemperance — public commentary frame
Liam regretted the intemperance he had shown towards the waiter over a cold meal.
Liam 後悔自己因為一道冷掉的餐點而對服務生失控發火。
Ambassador Zayd was trained to meet intemperance from foreign envoys with calm silence.
Ambassador Zayd 受過訓練，能以冷靜和沉默面對外國使節的暴怒。
Folake's intemperance during the meeting cost her the promotion she had been promised.
Folake 在會議上的失控讓她失去了原本承諾要給她的升遷機會。
- outburst
names a single event rather than a quality; more common
- vehemence
stresses force and intensity, more neutral about whether it's excessive
- ill temper
everyday phrase; less formal and less severe
用法筆記
Subject is usually a person, and the anger is treated as a noticeable lapse rather than ordinary annoyance. Distinguish from sense 2: this sense is specifically about angry or violent speech and behaviour, not appetite.