notwithstanding
notwithstanding — 介系詞
1. used before a noun phrase to say that something remains true or happens even whe
儘管
不受某情況影響，結果仍成立
used before a noun phrase to say that something remains true or happens even when a fact, problem, or objection could have stopped it
Notwithstanding the late hour, Eleni stayed to finish the budget notes.
儘管時間已晚，Eleni 還是留下來完成預算筆記。
notwithstanding + noun phrase before the main clause
The team kept hiking, notwithstanding the icy path above the village.
隊伍還是繼續往前走，儘管村子上方的小路結了冰。
Notwithstanding several protests, Hui signed the housing plan on Friday.
儘管已有幾次抗議，Hui 仍在週五簽下了住宅計畫。
Rodrigo accepted the role, notwithstanding his doubts about the long tour.
Rodrigo 還是接受了這個角色，儘管他對長期巡演有疑慮。
- despite
the closest everyday equivalent and much more common in speech
- in spite of
same basic meaning but slightly longer and often a little more emphatic
- regardless of
can suggest acting without caring about the obstacle, not just in contrast to it
文法句型
notwithstanding + noun phrase
main clause + notwithstanding + noun phrase
用法筆記
Follow it with a noun phrase, not a full clause. This sense is common in legal, official, and formal written English, where it often replaces the more everyday 'despite' or 'in spite of'.
常見錯誤
notwithstanding — 連接詞
1. used before a full clause to introduce a fact that might argue against the main
雖然
引出讓步子句，但主句仍成立
used before a full clause to introduce a fact that might argue against the main statement but does not change it
Notwithstanding that the train was crowded, Diya found a seat near the door.
雖然火車很擠，Diya 還是在門邊找到了一個位子。
notwithstanding that + clause
Jude smiled calmly, notwithstanding he had slept only three hours.
雖然 Jude 只睡了三小時，他還是平靜地微笑。
main clause + notwithstanding + clause
Notwithstanding the road looked empty, Emre drove through the fog slowly.
雖然路上看起來空蕩蕩的，Emre 還是慢慢穿過了濃霧。
The cafe stayed busy, notwithstanding that the rain flooded the sidewalk.
雖然大雨淹到了人行道，那家咖啡館還是很忙。
- although
the normal everyday word for the same clause pattern
- even though
often sounds more emphatic and conversational than 'notwithstanding'
- while
can introduce a contrast too, but often sounds lighter and less formal
文法句型
notwithstanding + clause
notwithstanding that + clause
用法筆記
This sense introduces a full clause, with or without 'that'. It sounds more formal and literary than ordinary 'although', and many speakers avoid it in casual conversation.
常見錯誤
notwithstanding — 副詞
1. used to say that the point just mentioned does not change what happens next or w
儘管如此
承接前句，表示仍然如此
used to say that the point just mentioned does not change what happens next or what is still true
The rental cost rose sharply; Gabriel renewed the lease notwithstanding.
租金大漲了；儘管如此，Gabriel 還是續租了。
clause-final notwithstanding meaning nevertheless
The map was unclear; Iris reached the hill temple notwithstanding.
地圖不清楚；儘管如此，Iris 還是找到了山上的寺廟。
Many parents complained, but the school fair opened on time notwithstanding.
很多家長抱怨了；儘管如此，學校園遊會還是準時開始。
The board heard every objection and approved the clinic plan notwithstanding.
董事會聽完所有反對意見；儘管如此，仍批准了診所計畫。
- nevertheless
the closest modern equivalent and more common in general writing
- even so
more conversational and often slightly more direct
- still
shorter and less formal, especially in speech
文法句型
clause + notwithstanding
noun phrase + notwithstanding
用法筆記
This adverb usually comes after the statement it comments on, often at the end of the clause. It is much more formal than everyday 'nevertheless' or 'even so' and appears most often in legal or official styles.