recidivist
recidivist — 名詞
- recidivistsingular
- recidivistsplural
1. someone who commits new crimes after being punished for earlier offences, often
累犯
多次犯罪且受罰後仍再犯者
someone who commits new crimes after being punished for earlier offences, often as a repeated pattern that the justice system struggles to break.
The court sentenced the recidivist to twelve years, citing five previous convictions for theft.
法庭判處這名累犯十二年徒刑，並指出他有五次竊盜前科。
collocation: previous convictions
Omar was classified as a recidivist when arrested three weeks after his parole ended.
Omar 在假釋結束後三週就被逮捕，因此被列為累犯。
passive: classified as a recidivist
Job-training programmes in prison reduce the number of recidivists who reoffend after release.
監獄內的職業訓練計畫能減少出獄後再犯的累犯人數。
Judges now use a risk-assessment tool to identify offenders likely to become recidivists.
法官現在使用風險評估工具來找出可能成為累犯的罪犯。
- repeat offender
less formal, used in everyday court reporting
- habitual criminal
stronger emphasis on long-term pattern, often carries moral judgment
- career criminal
implies crime as a livelihood, not necessarily someone who was caught and punished before
- first-time offender
someone facing charges for the first time
用法筆記
Frequently used in legal and criminological contexts. The noun is countable; a person is called a recidivist, and the behaviour is called recidivism.
常見錯誤
2. a person who returns to a former undesirable habit, addiction, or negative condi
故態復萌者
恢復先前不良習慣或狀況者
a person who returns to a former undesirable habit, addiction, or negative condition after a period of improvement or abstinence.
Selim became a recidivist when he started smoking again after quitting for eight months.
Selim 戒菸八個月後又開始抽菸，成了故態復萌者。
pattern: became a recidivist when [clause]
The clinic runs a support group for recidivists who have fallen back into self-harming behaviours.
這間診所為再度出現自殘行為的故態復萌者舉辦支持團體。
collocation: support group for recidivists
Weight-loss programmes track recidivists who regain the weight after reaching their target.
減重計畫會追蹤那些達到目標後又復胖的故態復萌者。
Tanvi's counsellor warned her that stress often turns recovering addicts into recidivists.
Tanvi 的諮商師提醒她，壓力常會讓戒癮者又淪為故態復萌者。
- backslider
more common in religious or moral contexts
- relapser
used in clinical psychology and addiction medicine
- reformed person
someone who has permanently changed their behaviour
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 1: sense 1 applies strictly to criminal behaviour; sense 2 applies to any undesirable behaviour (addiction, unhealthy habits). The term carries a medical or therapeutic tone in sense 2.