chapman
chapman — 名詞
1. a person who buys and sells goods to make a living, especially in a time when mo
行商
古時往來各地販賣貨物的商人
a person who buys and sells goods to make a living, especially in a time when most trade was done by travelling between towns, villages, and market fairs rather than from a fixed shop
The chapman loaded his cart with woollen cloth and set off for the York market before dawn.
這名行商將羊毛布料裝上馬車，天沒亮就出發前往約克市場。
collocation: chapman + cart / pack
Hugo's grandfather had been a chapman who traded salt and iron tools between villages in the Scottish lowlands.
Hugo 的祖父是一名行商，在蘇格蘭低地各村落之間販賣鹽和鐵器。
In the town records of 1472, a chapman named Richard was fined for selling grain that had gone bad.
1472 年的鎮上紀錄顯示，一名叫 Richard 的行商因為出售變質的穀物而被罰款。
A chapman needed to know which goods were in demand at each market along his route.
行商必須知道沿線各個市場需要哪些貨物。
The fair attracted chapmen from as far away as Bristol and Norwich, all hoping to strike good deals.
市集吸引了遠自布里斯托和諾里奇而來的行商，大家都希望做成幾筆好生意。
用法筆記
Now considered archaic. The word is rarely used in modern English except in historical fiction, academic writing about medieval trade, and British place names (e.g. Chapman Street, Chapman's Pool). Frequent in the plural form chapmen.
常見錯誤
2. a person who walks from place to place carrying small items such as ribbons, nee
小販；貨郎
揹負貨物沿街兜售的小商人
a person who walks from place to place carrying small items such as ribbons, needles, kitchen knives, and clay pipes, stopping to sell them directly to local people
Village women gathered around the chapman as he unpacked his basket of ribbons, thimbles, and sewing needles.
村子裡的婦女圍在貨郎身旁，看著他打開裝滿緞帶、頂針和縫衣針的籃子。
collocation: chapman + basket / pack of small wares
A chapman appeared at the castle gate every autumn, offering the cook spices and dried fruit from distant ports.
每年秋天，總有一名貨郎出現在城堡門口，向廚房人員兜售來自遠方港口的香料與果乾。
An old ballad tells of a chapman who lost his pack while crossing the river.
一首古老的民謠講述一名貨郎在渡河時弄丟了貨物揹包的故事。
Children clapped with excitement when Stefan the chapman pulled wooden whistles and clay marbles from his bag.
當 Stefan 這名貨郎從袋子裡掏出木製哨子和陶土彈珠時，孩子們興奮地拍手叫好。
A chapman's life was hard — he walked twelve miles a day on muddy roads carrying everything he owned.
貨郎的日子很辛苦——他每天在泥濘的路上走十二英里，身上背著全部家當。
- customer
the buyer rather than the seller
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 1: sense 2 emphasises small-scale, itinerant selling carried on the person (pack or basket), whereas sense 1 covers a broader range of trade including cart-based transport and stall-based selling at markets.
chapman — 人名
1. George Chapman (1559?–1634), an English dramatist, poet, and translator best kno
George Chapman，英國劇作家
George Chapman (1559?–1634), an English dramatist, poet, and translator best known for his influential translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey into English verse.
George Chapman's translation of the Iliad was praised by the poet John Keats in his famous sonnet.
George Chapman 翻譯的《伊利亞德》受到詩人 John Keats 在其著名十四行詩中的讚譽。
influence on later poets: Keats sonnet
Scholars study George Chapman's plays alongside those of his contemporaries Marlowe and Shakespeare.
學者們將 George Chapman 的劇作與其同時代的 Marlowe 和 Shakespeare 的作品並列研究。
Chapman's Bussy d'Ambois is one of the earliest English tragedies based on French history.
Chapman 的《布西・達姆布瓦》是英國最早以法國歷史為題材的悲劇之一。
Readers admire Chapman's Homer for its bold and energetic English verse style.
讀者讚賞 Chapman 譯本的荷馬史詩，因其風格雄渾有力、充滿活力。
2. John Chapman (1774–1845), an American pioneer nurseryman better known as Johnny
John Chapman，美國拓荒者
John Chapman (1774–1845), an American pioneer nurseryman better known as Johnny Appleseed, who planted apple nurseries across the early American frontier.
John Chapman, better known as Johnny Appleseed, planted apple trees across Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana.
John Chapman（即 Johnny Appleseed）在賓州、俄亥俄州和印第安納州種植蘋果樹。
alternate name: Johnny Appleseed
American folklore remembers John Chapman as a gentle and generous figure who brought fruit to the wilderness.
在美國民間傳說中，John Chapman 是一位溫和而慷慨的拓荒者，為荒野帶來了果樹。
Chapman's nurseries supplied apple seedlings to settlers moving west across the frontier.
Chapman 的苗圃為向西遷徙的開墾者提供蘋果樹苗。
No one knows exactly how many apple trees John Chapman planted, but estimates range well into the thousands.
沒有人確知 John Chapman 總共種了多少棵蘋果樹，但估計數量達數千棵。
3. Frank Michler Chapman (1864–1945), an American ornithologist who pioneered popul
Frank Chapman，美國鳥類學家
Frank Michler Chapman (1864–1945), an American ornithologist who pioneered popular bird-watching and wrote influential field guides, and who founded the Audubon Christmas Bird Count.
Frank Chapman's field guides helped millions of Americans identify birds in their own backyards.
Frank Chapman 的鳥類圖鑑幫助數百萬美國人在自家後院辨識鳥類。
field guides as accessible science
The Christmas Bird Count, started by Frank Chapman in 1900, is now the world's longest-running citizen science project.
1900 年由 Frank Chapman 發起的聖誕鳥類計數活動，如今是全球歷史最悠久的公民科學計畫。
Chapman proposed the first Christmas Bird Count as an alternative to the traditional holiday hunt.
Chapman 提議舉辦第一屆聖誕鳥類計數活動，作為傳統節日打獵的替代方案。
Bird-watchers still use methods that Frank Chapman helped develop in the early twentieth century.
賞鳥人士至今仍沿用 Frank Chapman 在二十世紀初協助發展的方法。