ir
ir — 名詞
1. a written abbreviation for infrared, used to refer to the invisible light waves
紅外線
紅外線的書面縮寫
a written abbreviation for infrared, used to refer to the invisible light waves just beyond the red end of the visible spectrum, which are felt as heat and are used in remote controls, night vision, thermal imaging, and astronomy.
The remote control sends an IR signal to the television when you press a button.
遙控器按下按鈕時會向電視發送 IR 訊號。
IR signal = infrared signal from remote control
Security cameras with IR sensors can record clear images even in complete darkness.
配備 IR 感測器的監視器即使在完全黑暗的環境中也能錄製清晰的影像。
Firefighters use IR cameras to find people trapped in smoke-filled buildings during a fire.
消防員使用 IR 攝影機在充滿濃煙的建築物中尋找受困民眾。
The James Webb Space Telescope uses IR sensors to study stars forming inside thick clouds of cosmic dust.
詹姆斯·韋伯太空望遠鏡使用 IR 感測器來研究在厚厚宇宙塵埃雲中形成的恆星。
Weather satellites measure IR radiation to track cloud temperatures and predict storms.
氣象衛星測量 IR 輻射來追蹤雲層溫度並預測風暴。
The art museum uses IR analysis to find the original sketches hidden beneath the paint.
美術館使用 IR 分析來找出顏料下方隱藏的原始素描。
- infrared
the full form; IR is the abbreviation used in writing
- UV
ultraviolet — the opposite end of the light spectrum
文法句型
IR + [noun]
用法筆記
In scientific and technical writing it is usually written as IR (all capitals). In product labels and informal contexts it may appear as Ir (capital I, lowercase r). Both forms are used interchangeably for 'infrared'.
常見錯誤
2. an abbreviation for Inland Revenue, the UK government department responsible for
英國稅務局
英國稅務機構（IR）
an abbreviation for Inland Revenue, the UK government department responsible for collecting taxes such as income tax and corporate tax.
The IR sent Lakshmi a £450 tax refund after she filed her return for the previous year.
IR 寄了一張 450 英鎊的退稅支票給 Lakshmi，因為她申報了前一年的所得。
IR = Inland Revenue (UK tax authority)
Self-employed workers in Britain must register with the IR and file accounts every year.
英國的自僱人士必須向 IR 註冊並每年提交帳目報表。
The IR website lets taxpayers check their National Insurance payments and update their home address.
IR 的網站讓納稅人可以查詢他們的國民保險繳款記錄並更新住家地址。
Christopher called the IR helpline to ask for an extension on his bakery's January tax payment.
Christopher 打給 IR 服務專線，請求延後他的烘焙店一月份的稅款繳納期限。
- Inland Revenue
the full name; more formal than IR
- HMRC
the current official name since 2005
文法句型
IR + [verb]
用法筆記
In 2005 the Inland Revenue was merged into HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC), but the abbreviation IR is still used informally to refer to UK tax authorities.
常見錯誤
3. an abbreviation for Internal Revenue, the US government agency that enforces tax
美國稅務局
美國稅務機構（IR）
an abbreviation for Internal Revenue, the US government agency that enforces tax laws and collects federal income taxes, formally called the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
American taxpayers send their federal income tax forms to the IR each year by April 15.
美國納稅人每年在四月十五日前將聯邦所得稅申報表寄給 IR。
IR = Internal Revenue (US tax collection)
The IR audited the company's records after noticing a mistake in their reported earnings.
IR 在發現該公司申報收益有誤後，對其帳目進行了查核。
Kemi downloaded the IR forms from the IRS site and used a calculator to check her deductions before filing.
Kemi 從 IRS 網站下載了 IR 表格，並用計算機核對扣除額後才申報。
The IR offers a free online tool called 'Where's My Refund' that tracks your tax refund status.
IR 提供一個名為「我的退稅在哪裡」的免費線上工具，可以追蹤退稅進度。
- Internal Revenue Service
the full official name of the US tax agency
文法句型
IR + [verb]
用法筆記
IR is an abbreviation for Internal Revenue, but the full agency name is the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). IR alone is less common in modern usage than IRS.
常見錯誤
4. a written abbreviation for information retrieval, meaning the process of finding
資訊檢索
從資料庫中查找資訊的技術
a written abbreviation for information retrieval, meaning the process of finding and getting back information from a large collection of data, such as a database or a set of documents.
Priya's PhD research focused on IR systems that help doctors find relevant medical studies quickly.
Priya 的博士研究聚焦於協助醫生快速找到相關醫學研究的 IR 系統。
IR systems = information retrieval systems
The library's IR tool lets students search thousands of academic papers by keyword in seconds.
圖書館的 IR 工具讓學生在幾秒鐘內就能透過關鍵字搜尋數千篇學術論文。
Yara uses a specialised IR system at her hospital to find patient records by diagnosis code within seconds.
Yara 在醫院使用一套專門的 IR 系統，能在幾秒內依診斷碼找到病歷。
The company hired an IR specialist to build a search tool that finds past orders in two seconds.
該公司聘請了一位 IR 專家來建立搜尋工具，能在兩秒內依客戶姓名找到歷史訂單。
- data retrieval
more general term, not specific to search systems
- document retrieval
narrower — focuses on finding documents rather than any data
文法句型
IR + [noun]
用法筆記
IR in this sense is always written in capitals and is most common in academic and technical writing about computer science and library science.
5. the chemical symbol for iridium, a very hard and heavy silver-white metal used i
銥元素符號
元素銥的化學符號
the chemical symbol for iridium, a very hard and heavy silver-white metal used in spark plugs, electronics, and spacecraft parts.
The periodic table shows Ir for iridium at position 77, between osmium and platinum.
元素週期表在位置 77 顯示 Ir 代表銥，位於鋨和鉑之間。
Ir = chemical symbol for iridium on the periodic table
Tamar's necklace was stamped with Ir, meaning the clasp contained a little iridium to make it harder.
Tamar 的項鍊上刻有 Ir 字樣，表示扣環含有少量銥以增加硬度。
The spark plug electrode was coated with Ir, which doubled its lifespan under extreme engine heat.
火星塞電極塗了一層 Ir，在高溫引擎環境下使用壽命延長了一倍。
A one-gram Ir sample costs more than gold because iridium is one of the rarest elements in the crust.
一公克的 Ir 樣本價格比黃金還高，因為銥是地殼中最稀有的元素之一。
文法句型
Ir + [noun]
用法筆記
Typically written with a capital I and lowercase r (Ir). In chemistry contexts Ir always refers to the element itself, not to a compound.
常見錯誤
6. a short form for intelligence ratio, a number once used to express a person's in
智力比率
智力比率的舊式縮寫
a short form for intelligence ratio, a number once used to express a person's intelligence as a comparison between their mental age and their actual age, similar to an IQ score.
Early intelligence tests calculated an IR by dividing a child's mental age by their actual age and multiplying by 100.
早期的智力測驗將兒童的心智年齡除以實際年齡再乘以 100 來計算 IR。
IR = mental age ÷ chronological age × 100
The school psychologist noted that eight-year-old Tanvi's IR of 115 was well above average for her class.
學校心理學家指出八歲的 Tanvi 的 IR 為 115，遠高於班上的平均水準。
Modern researchers rarely use the IR formula because it gives unreliable results for people over age sixteen.
現代研究人員很少使用 IR 公式，因為該公式對十六歲以上的人會產生不可靠的結果。
Researchers in the 1920s used the IR method to rank London schoolchildren by learning ability.
1920 年代的研究人員用 IR 方法來評比倫敦學童的學習能力。
- IQ
the modern replacement; IQ and IR measure similar concepts but use different calculation methods
文法句型
IR + [noun]
IR of [number]
用法筆記
Historical term rarely used in modern psychology. IQ (intelligence quotient) has largely replaced IR in both research and popular use.