refractory
refractory — 形容詞
- refractorypositive
- more refractorycomparative
- most refractorysuperlative
1. describes a disease, medical condition, or biological material that does not res
難治的
對治療沒有反應的；抗拒治療的
describes a disease, medical condition, or biological material that does not respond to a treatment or to a physical or chemical process that would normally affect it.
Linh's cancer was refractory to chemotherapy, and the medical team recommended trying a different drug.
Linh 的癌症對化療呈現難治性，醫療團隊建議嘗試其他藥物。
refractory to + noun (treatment name)
Mateo's skin infection remained refractory even after three creams, so the doctor prescribed stronger medicine.
Mateo 的皮膚感染即使用了三種藥膏仍未改善，因此醫生開了更強的藥物。
Nkechi's doctors described the illness as refractory because it did not improve with normal care.
Nkechi 的醫生將該疾病描述為難治性，因為常規照護未能使病情好轉。
describe + noun + as refractory
Vikram's lung tumour proved refractory to radiation, with a spot still visible on the scan.
Vikram 肺部的腫瘤被證實對放射治療無反應，掃描上仍可看到一個小斑點。
- refractory to treatment
- refractory disease
- refractory cancer
- refractory to antibiotics
- refractory pain
- resistant
more common and less formal; used in both medical and everyday contexts
- unresponsive
focuses on the lack of reaction rather than active resistance; common in medical writing
- immune
implies complete protection rather than mere lack of response; used differently in immunology
- responsive
describes a condition that reacts well to treatment
- treatable
can be helped by medical care
文法句型
refractory to + noun (treatment / therapy / drug)
用法筆記
Frequently used with the preposition 'to' to specify the treatment or process the subject resists. The subject is typically a disease (cancer, infection), a symptom (fever, pain), or a cell type.
常見錯誤
2. describes a person, animal, or behaviour that is stubborn and refuses to obey in
頑固的
倔強不聽話的；拒絕服從的
describes a person, animal, or behaviour that is stubborn and refuses to obey instructions, follow rules, or accept authority.
Tanvi's new puppy was refractory and would not obey even simple commands like 'sit'.
Tanvi 的新 puppy 非常頑固，連「坐下」這種簡單指令都不肯聽。
refractory + noun (animal)
Kenji found the group of teenagers refractory, with several students refusing to open their books.
Kenji 發現那群青少年極為頑固，好幾名學生不肯翻開課本。
find + noun + refractory
Liam's three-year-old son became refractory at the store and refused to leave the toy section.
Liam 三歲的兒子在商店裡變得非常倔強，不肯離開玩具區。
Rania tried to lock the gate, but the goat was too refractory and pushed past.
Rania 想關上柵門，但那頭山羊太頑固了，硬是擠了出去。
- refractory child
- refractory student
- refractory behaviour
- refractory horse
- refractory teenager
文法句型
refractory + noun (child / student / animal / behaviour)
用法筆記
Stronger and more formal than 'difficult' or 'naughty'. Often used in writing about classroom management, parenting, or animal training. Less common in everyday conversation than 'stubborn' or 'defiant'.
常見錯誤
refractory — 名詞
1. a person who is stubborn and refuses to obey instructions, follow rules, or acce
倔強的人
正式文書中指屢次不服從的人
a person who is stubborn and refuses to obey instructions, follow rules, or accept authority, especially in a group or institutional setting.
The prison governor's log described the inmate as a known refractory who had resisted every reform attempt.
監獄長的日誌將該囚犯描述為已知的倔強之徒，始終抗拒一切感化措施。
described + noun + as a known refractory
In the nineteenth-century classroom, teachers often singled out refractories for harsher punishment.
在十九世紀的教室裡，教師經常把倔強的學生挑出來加重處罰。
plural form: refractories
In Brontë's 'Jane Eyre', Jane is a refractory who refuses to accept her aunt's unjust treatment.
在 Brontë 的《簡愛》中，簡是個倔強的人，拒絕接受舅媽不公正的對待。
The magistrate's report noted that the refractories had refused to attend the rehabilitation session.
治安法官的報告指出，那些倔強的人拒絕參加矯正課程。
report + that + the refractories
- rebel
more common; emphasises active opposition rather than passive stubbornness
- troublemaker
informal; describes someone who causes problems intentionally
- follower
someone who does what they are told without resistance
文法句型
a refractory
the refractories
用法筆記
This noun form is very uncommon in modern English and is mostly found in older or formal written texts. In everyday speech, 'rebel', 'troublemaker', or 'stubborn person' are used instead.
同根字
- refractorily副詞C2
- refractoriness名詞C2
常見搭配
名詞搭配
- refractory period
- refractory material
- refractory patient
副詞搭配
- medically refractory
- stubbornly refractory
- clinically refractory
常用片語
- prove refractory
- remain refractory
- become refractory
介系詞搭配
- refractory to