subs
subs — 動詞
- subspresent simple I / you / we / they
- subses3rd person singular
- subsing-ing form
- subsedpast simple
1. to take the place of another player on a sports team for a short time during a g
替補
比賽中代替隊友上場
to take the place of another player on a sports team for a short time during a game, usually because that player is tired or injured.
Yuna subbed for the injured captain in the second half of the match.
Yuna 在比賽下半場替補受傷的隊長上場。
sub + for + [player] — intransitive sports substitution
The young defender was told to sub in when the score reached three to zero.
那位年輕的後衛在比數已經是 3 比 0 時接到指令上場替補。
Tara often subs for the goalkeeper when she needs a short break during practice sessions.
Tara 經常在守門員需要短暫休息時替補上場。
Kofi was told to sub in for the tired striker with only ten minutes left in the match.
Kofi 在比賽只剩下十分鐘時接到指示，上場替補疲憊的前鋒。
文法句型
sub + for + [player]
sub + in
用法筆記
Informal short form of 'substitute'. The full form is preferred in formal writing.
常見錯誤
2. to work in place of another person who is temporarily absent or unable to carry
代班；暫代
暫時代替他人工作
to work in place of another person who is temporarily absent or unable to carry out their duties.
Sofia subbed for a colleague who had to take her child to the dentist.
Sofia 代班一位必須帶小孩看牙醫的同事。
sub + for + [person] — covering someone's work
James subbed as the receptionist while the regular staff member was on leave.
James 在正職員工休假時暫代櫃檯接待員的工作。
Selim asked a coworker to sub for him during the afternoon training session.
Selim 請一位同事在下午的訓練課程中暫代他的工作。
Chiara has been subbing at the front desk all week while the manager is away.
Chiara 整個星期都在櫃檯代班，因為經理不在公司。
- cover for
more common in British English workplace settings
- fill in for
slightly more formal than 'sub for'
文法句型
sub + for + [person]
sub + as + [role]
用法筆記
Common in workplace settings and casual conversation. The person doing the job is typically expected to return eventually.
常見錯誤
3. to take a player out of a game and send another player onto the field to take th
換人；替換
教練在比賽中換下球員
to take a player out of a game and send another player onto the field to take their place.
Coach Folake subbed the midfielder off and brought a younger defender onto the pitch.
教練 Folake 換下中場球員，讓一名年輕的後衛上場。
sub + [player] + off — removing a player from the game
The manager decided to sub their tired striker for a fresh player at half-time.
教練決定在中場休息時將疲憊的前鋒換成一名新球員。
Eitan was subbed on just before the final whistle blew in the championship game.
Eitan 在冠軍賽終場哨聲響起前被換上場。
Trang subbed the young goalkeeper into the game for the last ten minutes.
Trang 在比賽最後十分鐘換上那位年輕的守門員。
文法句型
sub + [player] + off/on
sub + [player] + for + [player]
用法筆記
Different from sense 1: here the coach or manager is the subject doing the replacing, not the player coming on.
常見錯誤
4. to use one specific item in place of another specific item, especially a cooking
替代；取代
用其他食材替代原本的
to use one specific item in place of another specific item, especially a cooking ingredient, when the original is unavailable or unsuitable — the swap is deliberate and names both the replacement and the thing being replaced.
You can sub olive oil for butter in this cake recipe without changing the flavour.
你可以在這個蛋糕食譜中用橄欖油替代奶油，味道不會改變。
sub + [A] + for + [B] — replacing one ingredient with another
Ada subbed almond milk for cow's milk because she wanted a dairy-free option.
Ada 用杏仁奶替代牛奶，因為她想喝不含乳製品的版本。
Ilan subbed a different type of cheese since the shop had sold out of mozzarella.
Ilan 用另一種乳酪替代，因為店裡的莫札瑞拉起司已經賣完了。
The recipe suggests you can sub honey for sugar if you prefer a natural sweetener.
食譜建議你可以用蜂蜜替代糖，如果你比較喜歡天然的甜味劑。
- swap
suggests a more direct exchange between two equal options
- use instead
more formal and explicit; not a single verb
文法句型
sub + [new item] + for + [original item]
用法筆記
The grammar always names the replacement first (sub X for Y): X is what you use, Y is what you skip. This sense is about a planned, direct one-to-one swap — different from sense 5, where 'sub in' focuses on making do with whatever is on hand without naming the original.
常見錯誤
5. to make do with whatever item is available when the usual or expected one is mis
以⋯代替
用現有的東西替代
to make do with whatever item is available when the usual or expected one is missing, without necessarily naming what is being replaced.
We had no eggs, so we subbed in mashed banana for the cake batter.
我們沒有雞蛋，所以用香蕉泥代替，加入蛋糕麵糊中。
sub + in + [alternative] — using whatever is available
Eitan had no brown sugar for the cookies, so he subbed in white sugar and they still tasted great.
Eitan 沒有紅糖做餅乾，就用白糖代替，吃起來還是很好吃。
sub + in + [alternative] — intransitive pattern, no original named
The cook subbed in yogurt because the cream had turned sour overnight.
廚師用優格代替，因為鮮奶油隔夜就酸掉了。
When the power went out at dinner, they subbed candles for the electric lights.
晚餐時停電了，他們就用蠟燭代替電燈。
文法句型
sub + in + [alternative item]
sub + [alternative] + for + [usual item]
用法筆記
Unlike sense 4, this sense does not require a planned one-to-one swap. The 'sub in' pattern emphasizes using whatever is on hand as a solution. When intransitive ('subbed in yogurt'), no original item is named at all.
常見錯誤
6. to perform the action of examining a piece of writing before publication and cor
校訂；審稿
在出版前檢查並修改文字
to perform the action of examining a piece of writing before publication and correcting any mistakes in its grammar, spelling, style, or factual content.
Ada subbed the journalist's article and corrected several spelling errors before print.
Ada 校訂了記者的文章，在印刷前改正了幾個拼寫錯誤。
sub + [article] — checking text before publication
The senior editor spent the morning subbing copy for the weekend edition of the paper.
資深編輯花了一整個早上審稿，處理週末版的文稿。
Ilan subbed five pages of the report before sending it to the printing department.
Ilan 校訂了五頁報告，然後才送交印刷部門。
The flood story was subbed by two editors who checked every number before the six o'clock broadcast.
那則水災報導由兩位編輯審稿，在六點新聞前核對每一個數字。
文法句型
sub + [document / article]
用法筆記
Short for 'sub-edit'. The direct object is the text being edited. Unlike sense 7, this sense focuses on the action applied to a document, not the professional role of the person doing it.
常見錯誤
7. to be employed or work in the role of a sub-editor, whose regular job is prepari
擔任副編
在報社或出版社擔任副編輯，負責審稿
to be employed or work in the role of a sub-editor, whose regular job is preparing written material for publication by checking, correcting, and improving it.
Mei-Lin subs for a daily newspaper in Taipei, checking articles before they go to print.
Mei-Lin 在台北的一家日報擔任副編輯，在文章付印前進行檢查。
sub + for + organization (intransitive pattern — naming employer)
After journalism school, Viktor began to sub the weekend supplements for a local news website.
從新聞學院畢業後，Viktor 開始為一家當地新聞網站的週末副刊審稿。
sub + direct object (transitive pattern)
Amara has been subbing at the publishing house for two years, correcting grammar and style.
Amara 在那家出版社擔任副編輯已有兩年，負責修正文法與文風。
The editor-in-chief asked Tomás to sub the investigative feature because two staff editors were off sick.
總編輯請 Tomás 負責審閱那篇調查報導，因為有兩位編輯請病假。
When the history textbook reached eight hundred pages, the publisher brought in three editors to sub each chapter before September.
當那本歷史教科書長達八百頁時，出版社聘請了三位編輯在九月前審閱每一章。
文法句型
sub + for + organization
sub + direct object (text/article)
用法筆記
This sense emphasizes the ongoing professional role or employment, not a one-time action on a document. 'Subs for the Guardian' means the person works there as a sub-editor. In contrast, sense 6 focuses on the action of editing a specific text.
常見錯誤
8. to lend someone a small amount of money that they promise to return later, often
借支
暫時借錢給人，對方之後歸還
to lend someone a small amount of money that they promise to return later, often as a short-term arrangement until they receive their wages or next payment.
Nadia asked her colleague to sub her fifty dollars until payday on Friday.
Nadia 請同事先借她五十美元，等週五發薪日再還。
sub + someone + amount (ditransitive)
Jun agreed to sub his sister the rent money for one month while she looked for a new job.
Jun 同意先借給妹妹一個月的房租錢，讓她有時間找工作。
When Sofia's wallet was stolen on the train, a friend subbed her enough cash for the ticket home.
Sofia 的火車錢包被偷了，一位朋友借給她足夠買票回家的現金。
"Can you sub me a few pounds until tomorrow morning?" Kwame asked his roommate.
「你能先借我幾英鎊，明天早上還你嗎？」Kwame 問他的室友。
After Mei's wallet was stolen, three coworkers each subbed her fifty dollars.
Mei 的錢包被偷了之後，三位同事各借給她五十美元。
- borrow
the opposite action — you receive rather than give the money
文法句型
sub + someone + amount
sub + someone
用法筆記
This sense is informal and typical of everyday British speech. Unlike 'lend,' 'sub' strongly implies that the loan is small and will be repaid very soon, usually by the next payday. The person lending the money expects to be paid back.
常見錯誤
subs — 名詞
- subssingular
- subsesplural
1. a player on a sports team who is sent into a game to take the position and role
候補
頂替上場的運動員
a player on a sports team who is sent into a game to take the position and role of another player during the match
The coach sent Reuben onto the field as a sub in the second half.
教練在下半場派 Reuben 上場作為候補球員。
come on as a sub
When the starting goalkeeper got injured, a young sub came on to replace him.
當先發守門員受傷時，一名年輕的候補球員上場接替他的位置。
Our team has three experienced subs on the bench ready to play.
我們隊上有三位經驗豐富的候補球員坐在板凳上隨時準備上場。
Hiro spent most of the season as a sub but finally started in the final game.
Hiro 大部份球季都擔任候補，但終於在決賽中先發上場。
The manager praised the young sub for scoring the winning goal just after coming on.
總教練稱讚這位年輕的候補球員，因為他一上場就踢進了致勝球。
- replacement
more formal and broader — can refer to any person or thing that takes another's place
- reserve
in team sports, a reserve is a player who is available but not yet in the game; a sub has already entered play
- starter
a player who begins the match in the first team line-up
文法句型
[possessive] + sub
come on as a sub
bring on a sub
用法筆記
In informal sports contexts sub is very common. The full form substitute is used in formal writing and official team announcements.
常見錯誤
2. a person who teaches a class when the usual teacher is away from school because
代課老師
代替請假老師上課的人
a person who teaches a class when the usual teacher is away from school because of illness or other reasons
The regular maths teacher was sick, so a sub led the class today.
原本的數學老師生病了，所以今天由代課老師來上課。
Yasmin works as a sub at three different schools in the city.
Yasmin 在市區的三所不同學校擔任代課老師。
work as a sub
When the sub walked into the room, the students asked where their usual teacher was.
代課老師走進教室時，學生們問他們原來的老師在哪裡。
Being a sub requires patience because you face new students every day.
當代課老師需要耐心，因為每天都會面對不同的學生。
The school called a sub to cover the history lesson at the last minute.
學校臨時找了一位代課老師來上歷史課。
- supply teacher
the standard term in British English for a teacher who temporarily covers for absent staff
- relief teacher
used in Australia, New Zealand, and parts of Canada
文法句型
work as a sub
call a sub
a sub + verb
用法筆記
This shortened form is most common in the US and Canada. In British English, the more usual term is 'supply teacher' or 'cover teacher'.
常見錯誤
3. a person who reads and improves written material for a newspaper, magazine, or w
副編輯
審稿與修改文字的編輯人員
a person who reads and improves written material for a newspaper, magazine, or website by checking facts, correcting mistakes, and polishing the language before it is published
Mira works as a sub for a national newspaper and checks articles before they print.
Mira 在一家全國性報社擔任副編輯，在文章印出前負責檢查稿件。
The sub corrected several spelling mistakes in the reporter's story before publication.
副編輯在記者的報導刊出前修正了幾個拼字錯誤。
Every article must pass through a sub who checks the facts and the writing style.
每篇文章都必須經過副編輯檢查事實和寫作風格。
Joaquín started as a sub at a local magazine before becoming a full editor.
Joaquín 先在地方雜誌社擔任副編輯，之後才成為正式編輯。
The sub made sure the headlines were clear and accurate for the morning edition.
副編輯確保標題在早報版本中清楚且準確。
- copy editor
the equivalent term in American and many international publications; involves similar duties
- proofreader
a more limited role that focuses on spotting typographical errors rather than improving content
文法句型
work as a sub
a sub for [publication]
用法筆記
This shortened form is used mainly within the journalism and publishing industry. In formal job titles the full form 'sub-editor' is preferred.
常見錯誤
4. a type of ship, often used by the military, that can travel and operate underwat
潛艇
可在水下航行的軍艦
a type of ship, often used by the military, that can travel and operate underwater for long periods
The navy sent a sub to explore the deep ocean floor near the coast.
海軍派遣一艘潛艇到海岸附近的深海進行探測。
Hui served on a nuclear-powered sub for three years.
Hui 在一艘核動力潛艇上服役了三年。
serve on a sub
The sub surfaced near the coast after spending two weeks underwater.
這艘潛艇在水下航行兩週後，在海岸附近浮出水面。
A group of sailors watched the sub disappear beneath the waves.
一群水手看著潛艇消失在海浪之下。
Élise toured an old military sub that is now open to visitors at the port.
Élise 參觀了一艘目前對外開放的退役軍用潛艇。
文法句型
serve on a sub
a sub dives
a sub surfaces
用法筆記
Sub is a common informal abbreviation. The full word submarine is used in official military reports, historical texts, and technical writing.
常見錯誤
5. a sum of money paid at regular times — for example, every month or every year —
訂閱費
定期支付的會員費用
a sum of money paid at regular times — for example, every month or every year — so that a service or membership continues
Mayumi pays her gym sub at the beginning of every month.
Mayumi 每個月初繳交她的健身房會費。
pay + [possessive] + sub
I forgot to renew my magazine sub, so the latest issue never arrived.
我忘了續訂雜誌，所以最新一期從未寄到。
The club's annual sub covers the cost of equipment and facility use.
俱樂部的年費涵蓋設備與場地使用費用。
Zayd's online streaming sub gives him access to hundreds of films and shows.
Zayd 的串流平台訂閱費讓他可以收看數百部電影和節目。
If you do not pay your sub by Friday, your membership will be cancelled.
如果你星期五之前沒有繳費，你的會員資格就會被取消。
- membership fee
more formal; specifically for clubs, gyms, or organizations
- subscription fee
the full formal term; used for magazines, streaming services, etc.
文法句型
pay + [possessive] + sub
[possessive] + sub + expires
renew + [possessive] + sub
用法筆記
This shortened form is very informal and used mainly in spoken English or casual writing. In any formal context, use the full word subscription.
常見錯誤
6. a long bread roll that is cut open and filled with items such as meat, cheese, s
潛艇堡
長條麵包夾肉和蔬菜的三明治
a long bread roll that is cut open and filled with items such as meat, cheese, salad, and sauces
Saira ordered a turkey sub with lettuce and tomatoes for lunch.
Saira 午餐點了一份夾生菜和番茄的火雞潛艇堡。
The sandwich shop on the corner makes the best Italian sub in town.
街角的三明治店賣的義式潛艇堡是鎮上最好吃的。
Mark cut the long sub into two pieces and shared it with his friend.
Mark 把長條潛艇堡切成兩半，和朋友一起分著吃。
Harper chose a foot-long sub with extra cheese for a filling lunch.
Harper 選了一份一英尺長的加起司潛艇堡當作豐盛的午餐。
The café offers three types of sub: chicken, beef, and vegetarian.
這家咖啡廳提供三種潛艇堡：雞肉、牛肉和蔬菜。
文法句型
order a sub
a [filling] sub
用法筆記
This term is widely used across the United States. In different regions the same sandwich is also called a 'hoagie,' 'grinder,' or 'hero.' The full form 'submarine sandwich' is rarely used in everyday speech.
常見錯誤
subs — 字首
1. used before a word to show that something measures lower than a specific number,
低於
低於某數字或標準
used before a word to show that something measures lower than a specific number, level, or threshold that is considered normal.
The weather report warned of subzero temperatures across the northern plains tonight.
氣象預報警告說，北方平原今晚將出現低於零度的溫度。
sub- + zero (adjective): below zero degrees
Doctors detected a subclinical infection that showed no visible symptoms in the patient.
醫生檢測到一次亞臨床感染，患者身上沒有任何明顯症狀。
sub- + clinical: below the threshold of detectable symptoms
Physicists study the behaviour of subatomic particles inside a particle accelerator.
物理學家在粒子加速器中研究次原子粒子的行為。
A subsonic jet produces a sound that travels slower than the speed of sound.
次音速噴射機發出的聲音傳播速度比音速慢。
- under-
more common in everyday words (underweight, underpaid); sub- is more technical or formal
文法句型
sub- + adjective (sub-zero temperatures)
sub- + noun (sub-zero)
用法筆記
The quantity being measured is usually a number, a scientific threshold, or a physical boundary (temperature, speed, size). This sense is about measurable amounts — not about quality judgments.
常見錯誤
2. used before a word to show that something is located underneath or beneath anoth
下方；在下
位於某物之下的位置
used before a word to show that something is located underneath or beneath another thing, often in physical space.
The submarine stayed hidden beneath the ocean surface for three weeks.
那艘潛水艇在海面下隱藏了三個星期。
sub- + marine: under the sea
Amira took the subway from Brooklyn to Times Square every morning.
Amira 每天早上從布魯克林搭地鐵到時代廣場。
sub- + way: underground railway
The doctor applied a cream to treat the subcutaneous layer of Mei's skin.
醫生在Mei的皮下組織塗了一種藥膏。
Archaeologists discovered the remains of an ancient city in the subsoil below the farm.
考古學家在農場下方的底土中發現了一座古城的遺跡。
文法句型
sub- + noun (subway)
sub- + adjective (subterranean)
用法筆記
This is the oldest and most common meaning of the sub- prefix in English, found in words that come from Latin. Many common words like subway and submarine are so familiar that speakers do not think of the prefix separately.
3. used before an adjective to show that something is almost but not fully the thin
近乎
幾乎但未完全達到某狀態
used before an adjective to show that something is almost but not fully the thing described, often referring to climate or geography.
The subtropical climate of southern Florida attracts many tourists each winter.
佛羅里達南部的亞熱帶氣候每年冬天吸引許多觀光客。
sub- + tropical: almost tropical but not fully
Reuben studied the plants that survive in the subarctic regions of Canada.
Reuben 研究了在加拿大副極地區域生存的植物。
sub- + arctic: bordering on arctic conditions
The subalpine meadow was covered with wildflowers during the short summer.
亞高山草甸在短暫的夏季開滿了野花。
Researchers classify the region as subhumid because it receives just enough rain for farming.
研究人員將該地區歸類為半濕潤區，因為降雨量勉強足夠耕作。
文法句型
sub- + adjective (subtropical)
用法筆記
This sense is mostly found in scientific and geographical terms describing climate zones, vegetation regions, and biological classifications. It is not productive for everyday coinages.
4. used before a noun to show that something is a smaller section or division of a
分支；分項
較大整體中的小部分
used before a noun to show that something is a smaller section or division of a larger group, category, or system.
The finance subcommittee will review the annual budget proposal next week.
財務小組委員會將在下週審查年度預算提案。
sub- + committee: a smaller group within a committee
Bao organized the research data by subcategory to make the report easier to read.
Bao 按子類別整理研究資料，讓報告更容易閱讀。
sub- + category: a division within a category
Please read the final subsection of chapter three before tomorrow's class.
請在明天上課前閱讀第三章的最後一個小節。
Heloísa's favourite subgenre of science fiction is cyberpunk.
Heloísa 最喜歡的科幻小說次類型是賽博龐克。
- subdivision (of)
a noun phrase used instead of the prefix, e.g. a subdivision of the main group
- macro-
indicates a large-scale category or group (macro-economics, macrostructure)
文法句型
sub- + noun (subcommittee)
用法筆記
Common in formal and organisational contexts. The resulting noun is usually written as one word (subcommittee, not sub-committee) except where the root starts with a capital letter (sub-Saharan).
常見錯誤
5. used before an adjective to show that something fails to meet the expected quali
次等；較差
未達到應有的品質水準
used before an adjective to show that something fails to meet the expected quality or performance, making it disappointing or unsatisfactory.
The contractor used substandard materials, so the roof began to leak after six months.
承包商使用了不合標準的材料，所以屋頂六個月後就開始漏水。
sub- + standard: below expected quality
Selim felt his performance in the final exam was subpar compared to his earlier work.
Selim 覺得他的期末考表現低於平時水準。
sub- + par: below average or expected level
The hotel guests complained about the substandard service and dirty rooms.
飯店客人抱怨品質低劣的服務和骯髒的房間。
The restaurant received bad reviews because of its suboptimal service and cold food.
這家餐廳因為服務欠佳和食物冰冷而得到負面評價。
- under-
more common in everyday criticism (underwhelming, underperforming)
- super-
above standard (superior)
文法句型
sub- + adjective (substandard)
用法筆記
This sense carries a negative judgment — calling something substandard or subpar means it is not good enough. Unlike sense 1, which measures against a numeric threshold, this sense is about failing a quality benchmark.
常見錯誤
6. used before a noun to show that a person or thing has a position or status below
次級；從屬
地位或等級較低的
used before a noun to show that a person or thing has a position or status below others in an organisation, ranking, or system.
Ayesha works as a subeditor, checking articles for mistakes before they go to print.
Ayesha 擔任副編輯，負責在校對文章後送出印刷。
sub- + editor: an editor of lower rank within the team
Each subagent reports to the main agent, who manages the entire sales region.
每位副代理人向主要代理人報告，由後者管理整個銷售區域。
sub- + agent: a person under the main agent
The sublieutenant followed orders from the senior officers during the training exercise.
那位海軍中尉在訓練演習中聽從高級軍官的命令。
In large companies, a subdepartment handles tasks that belong to a bigger department.
在大公司裡，次級部門處理屬於較大部門的任務。
文法句型
sub- + noun (subordinate)
用法筆記
The related adjective subordinate is more common than the prefix itself in describing rank. When sub- attaches to job titles (subeditor, subagent), the resulting word names a role that answers to a higher authority.