established

/ɪˈstæblɪʃt/ (bre, ipa) · /ɪˈstæblɪʃt/ (ame, ipa) · /i-ˈsta-blisht/ (ame, mw)

established — 形容詞

  • establishedpositive
  • more establishedcomparative
  • most establishedsuperlative

1. describes something that has existed for a long time and is therefore accepted,

1.形容詞B1
釋義

公認的

長期存在而為大眾接受的

describes something that has existed for a long time and is therefore accepted, respected, or considered normal by many people.

例句

The university has an established tradition of welcoming international students from all over the world.

這所大學擁有歡迎世界各地國際學生的悠久傳統。

collocation: established tradition

In many parts of Asia, removing shoes before entering a home is an established custom.

在亞洲許多地區，進屋前脫鞋是一項公認的習俗。

collocation: established custom

同義詞
  • accepted

    focuses on general approval rather than longevity

  • traditional

    implies passing down through generations; more specific than established

  • recognized

    emphasises formal or public acknowledgement

反義詞
  • new

    simply recent, not yet proven by time

  • unconventional

    goes against what is normally accepted

文法句型

established + noun

well established

用法筆記

Frequently used before nouns such as 'tradition', 'custom', 'practice', 'procedure', 'rule', 'order'. Also common in the compound 'well-established'.

常見錯誤

❌He has an established name in the field.
✅He is an established name in the field.
💡Use the person as the subject of 'established' rather than their name.

2. describes a person whose long experience in a particular job or field has earned

2.形容詞B1
釋義

資深的

因長期從事而技藝精湛且備受尊敬的

describes a person whose long experience in a particular job or field has earned them a strong reputation and a respected position among their peers.

例句

Dr. Okafor is an established surgeon who has performed over two thousand successful operations.

Okafor 醫師是一位資深外科醫生，已成功完成兩千多次手術。

subject: person + medical profession

After twenty years in fashion, Elena became an established designer with clients across Europe.

在時尚界打拚二十年後，Elena 成為了一名客戶遍布歐洲的知名設計師。

同義詞
  • well-known

    emphasises fame; can apply to people and things alike

  • experienced

    focuses on length of practice rather than reputation

  • eminent

    more formal, implies high standing within a field

反義詞
  • unknown

    not yet famous or recognised

  • novice

    a beginner, just starting out

文法句型

established + profession noun

用法筆記

Typically used attributively before nouns for professions (artist, designer, doctor, lawyer, actor, writer, musician). Not usually used in predicative position (e.g. 'the doctor is established' sounds incomplete without a complement like 'in her field').

常見錯誤

❌She is established.
✅She is an established writer.
💡The adjective usually needs to modify a noun naming the profession.

3. (of a plant, tree, or animal population) having started to grow successfully in

3.形容詞B2
釋義

已長成的

已在當地成功生長並適應環境的

(of a plant, tree, or animal population) having started to grow successfully in a particular place and become a stable part of the local environment.

例句

The established trees in the park provide shade for the younger flowers planted beneath them.

公園裡那些已長成的樹木為下方較小的花朵提供了遮蔭。

domain: plants/trees

After the drought, only the most established plants survived in Ingrid's garden.

乾旱過後，Ingrid 的花園裡只有紮根最穩的植物活了下來。

同義詞
  • settled

    more general; can apply to people or animals, not just plants

  • native

    implies origin in the area, not just successful growth

反義詞
  • newly planted

    recently introduced, not yet settled

  • alien

    non-native; may not be successfully growing

文法句型

established + plant/tree/species

用法筆記

Common in ecology, gardening, and horticulture writing. Often contrasts newly introduced or planted specimens with those that have already settled in.

4. relates to a religious organisation that a government has officially chosen as t

4.形容詞B2
釋義

法定國教的

受國家法律正式承認的官方宗教

relates to a religious organisation that a government has officially chosen as the country's national faith, giving it legal recognition and privileges.

例句

The Church of England is the established church, with the monarch as its head.

英格蘭教會是法定國教，以君主為其領袖。

domain: state religion / British context

In several Nordic countries, the established religion receives tax funding from the government.

在北歐幾個國家，法定宗教可從政府獲得稅收補助。

同義詞
反義詞

文法句型

established + church/religion

用法筆記

Primarily used in British and Northern European contexts where a state church exists. Usually capitalised when forming part of a proper name (e.g. the Established Church).