first-hand
first-hand — 形容詞
1. based on what you personally saw, did, or felt — not on what someone else told y
第一手的
直接來自個人經歷或目擊，非經他人轉述
based on what you personally saw, did, or felt — not on what someone else told you or what you read about later.
Meera wrote a first-hand account of the floods she saw in three villages.
Meera 寫下了她在三個村莊親眼看到的水災第一手報導。
first-hand + account (typical noun collocation)
As an emergency-room nurse, Apinya gained first-hand knowledge of how the virus spread.
身為急診室護理師，Apinya 對病毒如何傳播有著第一手的認識。
first-hand + knowledge
The judge wanted first-hand testimony from people who had actually been at the protest.
法官希望聽到真正在抗議現場的人提供的第一手證詞。
Joaquín shared his first-hand experience of running a small bakery for thirty years.
Joaquín 分享了他經營小麵包店三十年的親身經驗。
Reporters on the ground gave the editor first-hand reports from inside the earthquake zone.
在現場的記者從地震災區內向編輯傳回了第一手報導。
- direct
very close meaning; 'direct experience' is interchangeable with 'first-hand experience'.
- eyewitness
narrower — only about seeing events in person, e.g. 'an eyewitness account'.
- personal
wider; covers any private experience, not necessarily 'as a witness to events'.
- second-hand
based on what someone else told you, not on personal experience.
- indirect
received through other people or sources rather than experienced yourself.
文法句型
first-hand + noun (account, experience, knowledge, report)
用法筆記
Almost always used before a noun (attributive). Common partners: account, knowledge, experience, report, testimony, information. Cannot normally come after 'be' — say 'a first-hand account' rather than 'the account was first-hand'.
常見錯誤
first-hand — 副詞
1. by being there yourself and going through the event in person, rather than heari
親身地
親自到現場經歷，而非聽他人轉述
by being there yourself and going through the event in person, rather than hearing about it from someone else.
Defne saw the damage from the storm first-hand when she visited her grandparents' village.
Defne 回外祖父母的村莊探親時，親眼看到了風暴造成的損害。
see something first-hand (most frequent verb pairing)
Working in a busy emergency room, Eitan learned first-hand how tiring twelve-hour shifts can be.
在繁忙的急診室工作，Eitan 親身體會到十二小時輪班有多累。
learn something first-hand (gain knowledge through personal experience)
Christopher experienced first-hand the difficulty of finding clean water in the refugee camp.
Christopher 親身經歷了在難民營裡要找到乾淨飲水有多困難。
Dahlia witnessed first-hand how the new mayor turned the small town around.
Dahlia 親眼見證了新市長如何讓這個小鎮重新振作起來。
The students visited a Colombian coffee farm to see first-hand how the beans were grown.
學生們造訪了一座哥倫比亞咖啡園，親自了解咖啡豆是如何種植的。
- directly
very close; 'learn directly' and 'learn first-hand' are interchangeable in most contexts.
- personally
wider — emphasises 'as a person', not specifically 'as a witness or participant'.
- in person
stresses physical presence; 'first-hand' adds the idea of going through the event yourself.
- second-hand
after hearing about something from someone else, not from being there.
- indirectly
through other people or reports rather than personal experience.
文法句型
experience / see / hear / witness / learn + something + first-hand
用法筆記
Comes after the verb or after the verb + object. Common partners: see, learn, experience, witness, hear, know. Distinguish from the adjective sense: 'a first-hand account' (adj before a noun) vs 'she saw it first-hand' (adv modifying a verb).