grand unified theory
grand unified theory — 名詞
1. In physics, a theoretical model that treats the electromagnetic force, the weak
大統一理論
統一三種基本力的物理模型
In physics, a theoretical model that treats the electromagnetic force, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force as different expressions of a single, more basic force.
Elena's textbook explained that a grand unified theory connects three basic forces of nature into one.
Elena 的課本說明，大統一理論將自然界的三種基本力結合成一個框架。
grand unified theory + connects three forces
Dr. Nakamura presented a grand unified theory that predicts the existence of new types of particles.
中村博士提出了一個大統一理論，預測存在新型粒子。
Tendai asked whether a grand unified theory explains why the strong and weak forces act so differently at low energies.
Tendai 問大統一理論是否能解釋強力與弱力在低能量下的巨大差異。
Building a grand unified theory requires equations that work at energy levels far beyond what any machine can produce.
建立大統一理論需要能在遠超任何機器可及的能量下運作的方程式。
Nora asked her teacher whether any grand unified theory has been confirmed by experimental data.
Nora 問老師，是否有任何大統一理論已獲得實驗數據證實。
- GUT
the standard abbreviation; used in both formal papers and casual physics discussion
用法筆記
The abbreviation GUT (pronounced /ɡʌt/) is very common in physics writing. A GUT does NOT include gravity — theories that also include gravity are called theories of everything (ToE).
常見錯誤
2. Any scientific framework that aims to describe all subatomic particle behaviour
統合框架
以單一法則描述所有次原子現象的理論
Any scientific framework that aims to describe all subatomic particle behaviour — their interactions, properties, and transformations — using a single set of mathematical laws.
Before the 1970s no grand unified theory existed to explain how particles behave at high collision energies.
1970 年代之前，還沒有任何統合框架能解釋粒子在高碰撞能量下的行為。
grand unified theory + explain particle behaviour
Hugo found it exciting that a single grand unified theory could describe so many different particle reactions.
Hugo 覺得，能用單一理論描述這麼多種粒子反應，是非常令人興奮的事。
The newspaper called the new model a grand unified theory, but some researchers said the name was too strong.
報紙稱這個新模型為大統一理論，但有些研究者認為這個名稱太過頭了。
Professor Santos argued that a true grand unified theory must predict the masses of all known particles.
Santos 教授認為，真正的統合框架必須能預測所有已知粒子的質量。
Learning about grand unified theory helped Lakan understand why physicists build giant particle accelerators.
學習大統一理論讓 Lakan 明白，為什麼物理學家要建造巨大的粒子加速器。
- unified field theory
a broader term historically used for any theory unifying forces; now less common in particle physics
- GUT
works for this sense too, but less precise when the framework is purely speculative
用法筆記
This broader sense appears more often in popular science writing and introductory textbooks than in frontline research papers. In specialist contexts, GUT refers specifically to a model from the 1970s–1990s family of theories.