gall
/ɡɔːl/ (bre, ipa) · /ɡɔːl/ (ame, ipa) · /ˈgȯl/ (ame, mw) · /ɡɑːl/ (ame, ipa)
gall — 名詞
- gallsingular
- gallsplural
1. the kind of bold rudeness someone shows when they say or do something inappropri
厚顏無恥
做出失禮舉動卻毫無羞愧的膽量
the kind of bold rudeness someone shows when they say or do something inappropriate without seeming to feel any shame or embarrassment about it
Owen had the gall to ask for a raise after missing three deadlines in a row.
Owen 連續三次延誤截止日期，竟然還厚顏無恥地要求加薪。
have the gall to + verb for shameless requests
I cannot believe the gall of that man, walking into our garden and picking the tomatoes.
那個男人居然走進我們的院子摘番茄，這種厚顏實在令人難以置信。
the gall of + noun phrase for disbelief at someone's nerve
Gabriela was speechless at the sheer gall of her neighbour, who borrowed her car without permission.
Gabriela 對鄰居那種未經同意就借走她車子的厚顏簡直說不出話來。
It takes real gall to lecture other parents about discipline when your own children are running wild in the shop.
自己的小孩在店裡到處亂跑，還有臉去說教其他家長要管教孩子，真的需要很厚的臉皮。
文法句型
have the gall to + verb
the gall of + noun
用法筆記
Frequently follows 'the' + adjective ('the unmitigated gall', 'the sheer gall') to express the speaker's outrage. Most natural in spoken English and informal writing; distinguish from sense 4 (bitterness) which is literary and never takes 'the gall to' + verb.
常見錯誤
2. a strong feeling of bitter anger or hatred against someone or something, used ma
怨恨；積怨
對某人或某事深沉的苦澀與恨意
a strong feeling of bitter anger or hatred against someone or something, used mainly in literary or biblical writing
Years after the divorce, Maeve still spoke of her former husband with undisguised gall.
離婚多年之後，Maeve 提起前夫時依然滿懷怨恨，毫不掩飾。
speak with gall — typical literary collocation
The defeated general's letters were full of gall toward the politicians who had abandoned him on the battlefield.
戰敗的將軍在信中字字流露對那些在戰場上拋棄他的政客的積怨。
full of gall — common in older prose
Christopher felt only gall when he heard that his rival had won the literary prize for a stolen idea.
Christopher 聽到對手以剽竊的構想贏得文學獎時，心中只剩怨恨。
The poet wrote of love turning to gall once the early promises of marriage had been broken.
那位詩人寫到，婚姻早期的承諾一旦破滅，愛情便會轉為深深的怨恨。
- bitterness
the everyday modern equivalent
- rancour
formal; long-held bitterness
- resentment
neutral register; widely usable
文法句型
the gall of + noun
wormwood and gall
用法筆記
Mostly literary or biblical (compare 'wormwood and gall'). Subject is usually a wronged or defeated person; modern speakers prefer 'bitterness' or 'resentment'. Distinguish from sense 1 (rude boldness): sense 2 is an inner emotion, never said of someone's behaviour.
常見錯誤
3. a hard round growth that appears on a plant's leaves, stems, or roots after an i
蟲癭
昆蟲或病害引起的植物異常腫塊
a hard round growth that appears on a plant's leaves, stems, or roots after an insect, fungus, or injury has damaged the tissue
Tamar pointed to the strange round galls hanging from the lower branches of the oak tree.
Tamar 指著橡樹下層樹枝上掛著的那些奇怪的圓形蟲癭。
galls on + tree part — typical botanical use
The biology students collected dozens of galls from the rose bushes for their classroom project.
那群生物課學生為了課堂報告，從玫瑰叢上採集了幾十顆蟲癭。
Wasps lay their eggs inside a leaf and the plant grows a gall around them as a defence.
黃蜂把卵產在葉子裡，植物便在卵的周圍長出蟲癭作為防禦。
Niran sliced one of the galls open and found a tiny white larva curled up inside.
Niran 把一顆蟲癭剖開，發現裡面蜷縮著一隻小小的白色幼蟲。
文法句型
a gall on + plant part
form a gall
用法筆記
Specialist botanical term; usually countable ('a gall', 'several galls'). Common modifying nouns: oak gall, leaf gall, root gall, gall wasp. Distinguish from sense 5 (skin sore on an animal) — same word, different surface.
4. a green-brown liquid with a sharp bitter taste that the liver produces to break
膽汁
肝臟分泌、助消化脂肪的苦味液體
a green-brown liquid with a sharp bitter taste that the liver produces to break down fats during digestion
After vomiting for hours on the flight, Soraya could taste only gall at the back of her throat.
在飛機上連續嘔吐好幾個小時之後，Soraya 喉嚨後段只嘗得到膽汁的味道。
taste of gall — sensory description
The medical illustration showed gall flowing from the liver into the small intestine.
那張醫學插圖顯示膽汁從肝臟流入小腸的路徑。
Old recipes for gunpowder sometimes called for oak galls and a small amount of animal gall.
古老的火藥配方有時會用到橡樹蟲癭和少量動物的膽汁。
Ishaan learned that the bitter green liquid coming up was gall, produced by his liver.
Ishaan 知道了那股反流上來的苦味綠色液體就是肝臟分泌的膽汁。
- bile
the standard modern term in biology and medicine
文法句型
taste of gall
gall bladder
用法筆記
Older or literary word for what is now usually called 'bile'. Mostly appears in 'gall bladder' (the small organ that stores it) and in older medical or culinary writing. Sense 2 (bitterness) probably grew out of this physical meaning.
5. a painful raw spot on the skin of a working animal — usually a horse whose saddl
皮膚磨傷
馬鞍或挽具長期摩擦造成的皮肉破皮處
a painful raw spot on the skin of a working animal — usually a horse whose saddle or harness has been rubbing the same place for too long
Selim noticed a fresh gall on the mare's back where the new saddle had been pressing.
Selim 注意到母馬背上有一處新的磨傷，正好就在新馬鞍長期壓著的位置。
a gall on + body part — typical equestrian use
The riding instructor warned the children to check their ponies for galls before every lesson.
騎術教練提醒小朋友每次上課前都要先檢查小馬身上有沒有磨傷。
Decades of poor harnesses had left ugly galls along the donkey's shoulders.
幾十年挽具不合身，已經在那頭驢子的肩膀上留下難看的磨傷痕跡。
Mira cleaned the gall on the racehorse's withers and applied a soft cotton pad before re-saddling.
Mira 把那匹賽馬肩胛處的磨傷清理乾淨，再墊上柔軟的棉墊才重新上鞍。
- sore
everyday word; broader
- saddle sore
more specific; same idea on a horse
文法句型
a gall on + body part
用法筆記
Specialist equestrian / veterinary term, usually countable. Distinguish from sense 3 (plant swelling): both are visible bumps, but sense 5 is an open or raw sore on an animal caused by friction, while sense 3 is a hard round growth on a plant caused by insects or fungi.
gall — 動詞
- gallpresent simple I / you / we / they
- galls3rd person singular
- galling-ing form
- galledpast simple
1. to leave someone feeling angry or resentful, especially because of something tha
使氣憤；惱怒
因覺得不公而感到憤怒不悅
to leave someone feeling angry or resentful, especially because of something that strikes them as unfair or undeserved
It galled Nila that her younger brother was promoted ahead of her at the family bakery.
弟弟在家族麵包店裡先一步獲得升職，讓 Nila 心裡很不是滋味。
it galls X that — typical that-clause pattern
What galled Defne most was the polite smile on her landlord's face as he raised the rent.
最讓 Defne 氣憤的，是房東一邊客氣地微笑、一邊把租金往上調。
what galls X most — focus structure
It galls Mauricio to admit that his old rival was right about the project after all.
讓 Mauricio 惱怒的是，他必須承認當年的老對手在那個案子上其實是對的。
The judge's smug tone galled every lawyer in the courtroom that afternoon.
那位法官自鳴得意的口氣，令當天下午法庭上每一位律師都覺得氣憤。
文法句型
it galls someone (that)
it galls someone to + verb
用法筆記
Frequently appears with dummy 'it' as subject: 'it galls me that…', 'it galls me to admit…'. The cause of the annoyance is something the speaker feels is unjust or undeserved — stronger than 'annoy', less aggressive than 'enrage'.
常見錯誤
2. to wear away or damage skin by repeated rubbing, or for skin to become raw and p
磨破；磨痛
反覆摩擦使皮膚破皮疼痛
to wear away or damage skin by repeated rubbing, or for skin to become raw and painful in this way
Léa's new hiking boots galled her heels by the end of the third afternoon on the trail.
走完第三天的山路，Léa 的腳踝已經被新登山靴磨破。
X galls Y — transitive use with footwear subject
The heavy oars had galled the rower's palms until small blisters formed.
沉重的船槳把那名划手的手掌磨到起了一個個小水泡。
Adina's wrists galled where the rope had tied her to the chair for so many hours.
Adina 被繩子綁在椅子上好幾個小時，兩個手腕都被磨痛了。
If the harness sits even slightly wrong, the leather will gall the horse's shoulders within a day.
挽具只要稍微沒擺正，硬皮帶子一天之內就會把馬的肩膀磨破。
文法句型
X galls Y
Y galls (against Z)
用法筆記
Specialist or older usage; modern speakers usually say 'chafe' or 'rub raw'. Transitive subject is the object doing the rubbing (boots, rope, harness); intransitive subject is the body part that becomes sore. Closely linked to noun sense 5 (skin sore on an animal).