graft
/ɡrɑːft/ (bre, ipa) · /ɡræft/ (ame, ipa) · /ˈgraft/ (ame, mw)
graft — 名詞
- graftsingular
- graftsplural
1. a small section of living tissue — for example a strip of skin, a chip of bone,
移植片
用於移植的皮膚、骨頭或植物片段
a small section of living tissue — for example a strip of skin, a chip of bone, or a shoot from a tree — taken from one body or stem and fixed in another, where it joins up and keeps growing as part of the new host.
The surgeon used a skin graft from Imran's thigh to cover the burn on his shoulder.
外科醫師用 Imran 大腿上取下的皮膚移植片，覆蓋他肩膀上的燒傷。
skin graft from [body part]
Doctors at the Taipei hospital placed a bone graft inside Sophia's broken jaw.
台北醫院的醫師將一塊骨頭移植片放入 Sophia 斷裂的下顎中。
bone graft inside [body part]
The gardener tied a small graft from the old apple tree onto a young branch.
園藝師把一小段老蘋果樹的移植片綁在年輕的枝條上。
Yuna's eye surgeon explained that the corneal graft might take several weeks to settle.
Yuna 的眼科醫師說明，這塊角膜移植片可能要好幾週才能穩定下來。
Caleb's father grows pear trees by taking grafts from healthy older plants each spring.
Caleb 的父親每年春天從健康的老樹上取移植片來培育梨樹。
- transplant
covers a whole organ; graft is usually a smaller piece of tissue or plant material
- implant
often man-made (metal, plastic); a graft is biological
文法句型
skin/bone/plant + graft
用法筆記
Frequently modified by a body-part or plant noun (skin, bone, cornea, apple). Object of verbs like take, place, receive, or attach.
常見錯誤
2. tiring, demanding effort that you put in steadily over a long time, especially p
辛苦活；苦工
長時間費力的勞動
tiring, demanding effort that you put in steadily over a long time, especially physical labour or repetitive tasks that test your stamina.
Ziad opened his bakery after twenty years of hard graft in other people's kitchens.
Ziad 在別人廚房裡熬了二十年的辛苦活之後，才開了自己的麵包店。
hard graft (fixed collocation)
Running a small farm in winter is real graft, even with modern machines.
就算有現代機具，冬天經營小農場仍是真正的苦工。
predicative: is real graft
Greta said her exam grades were the result of months of quiet graft at the library.
Greta 說，她的考試成績是好幾個月在圖書館默默用功的苦工換來的。
The builders looked tired after a long day of graft on the new school roof.
建築工人在新校舍屋頂上忙了一整天的苦工後都顯得很疲憊。
文法句型
hard graft
after years of graft
用法筆記
Mostly British and Australian; uncountable. Common in the fixed phrase 'hard graft'. American English usually prefers 'hard work' or 'grind' here.
常見錯誤
3. money, contracts, or other personal rewards that someone obtains by abusing a pu
貪污；舞弊
利用公職或政治影響力非法牟利的行為
money, contracts, or other personal rewards that someone obtains by abusing a public role — for example by taking bribes, steering deals to friends, or trading official favours for cash.
Three city officials were arrested last week on charges of graft and tax fraud.
上週有三位市政官員因貪污與逃漏稅的指控被逮捕。
charges of graft (collocation)
Voters in Manila marched through the streets to protest against political graft at city hall.
馬尼拉的選民走上街頭，抗議市府的政治貪污。
political graft (modifier + headword)
The new mayor promised to clean up graft inside the police department within his first year.
新任市長承諾在上任的第一年內掃除警察部門的貪污。
Reporters at the Jakarta Post uncovered graft involving road-building contracts worth millions.
雅加達郵報的記者揭露了涉及數百萬元道路工程合約的貪污案。
- corruption
broader; covers the whole system, while graft is the specific act of taking money
- bribery
narrower; only the exchange of money or gifts, not the wider self-enrichment
- kickback
a single payment received for steering a contract; graft is the ongoing practice
文法句型
accusations/charges of graft
political graft
用法筆記
Uncountable; common in news writing. Often paired with 'corruption' or contrasted with 'honest work'. Subject is usually an institution (city hall, the department) rather than a single person.
常見錯誤
4. the action or procedure of attaching one piece of tissue or plant material onto
嫁接過程
將組織或植物片段接合到另一處的過程
the action or procedure of attaching one piece of tissue or plant material onto another so that it joins and grows — the operation itself, rather than the piece used.
The graft of the donor cornea onto Yuna's eye took less than an hour.
將捐贈者的角膜移植到 Yuna 眼睛上的手術，花了不到一小時。
the graft of [tissue] onto [body part]
Successful graft of new buds onto rose stems requires steady hands and a clean knife.
要把新芽成功嫁接在玫瑰枝上，需要穩定的手與乾淨的刀。
graft of [plant part] onto [plant]
Veterinary students at the college watched a careful graft of skin onto a dog's burnt leg.
獸醫學院的學生觀看了把皮膚仔細移植到一隻狗燒傷腿上的手術。
The graft of the apple shoot took several weeks before new leaves appeared.
蘋果嫩枝的嫁接花了好幾週後才長出新葉子。
- transplantation
broader medical term; can cover whole organs
- implantation
stresses placing something inside the host; covers artificial pieces too
文法句型
the graft of [tissue/plant]
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 1 (the physical piece): sense 1 is the thing moved; sense 4 is the moving. If you can replace the word with 'the procedure' the sense is 4; if with 'the piece' the sense is 1.
常見錯誤
graft — 動詞
- graftpresent simple I / you / we / they
- grafts3rd person singular
- grafting-ing form
- graftedpast simple
1. to fix a small piece of living skin, bone, or plant material onto a different bo
移植；嫁接
把組織或植物片段接到另一處使其生長
to fix a small piece of living skin, bone, or plant material onto a different body or plant so that it joins and continues to grow there, usually as part of a medical operation or gardening.
Doctors grafted healthy skin from Mateo's back onto his burned hand.
醫師把 Mateo 背上的健康皮膚移植到他燒傷的手上。
graft [tissue] from [body part] onto [body part]
Henrik's grandfather grafted three pear branches onto a single apple tree in the orchard.
Henrik 的祖父在果園裡把三根梨枝嫁接到同一棵蘋果樹上。
graft [plant part] onto [plant]
Surgeons at the Seoul clinic grafted a small piece of bone into Hui's shattered ankle.
首爾診所的外科醫師把一小塊骨頭移植進 Hui 粉碎的腳踝裡。
Stefan learned to graft rose stems during his summer at the botanical garden.
Stefan 在植物園的那個夏天學會了嫁接玫瑰枝。
The team grafted donor cells onto the damaged heart muscle during the trial.
團隊在試驗期間將捐贈者的細胞移植到受損的心肌上。
- transplant
usually for whole organs; graft is for smaller tissue or plant pieces
- implant
often artificial objects; graft keeps the living-tissue feel
文法句型
graft [tissue/plant] onto [recipient]
用法筆記
Always followed by an object plus 'onto', 'to', or 'into' that names the recipient. Frequently passive in medical writing ('skin was grafted from...').
常見錯誤
2. to add something new — an idea, a feature, a person, or a style — onto something
拼接；硬加
把新元素加到既有事物上
to add something new — an idea, a feature, a person, or a style — onto something that already exists, in a way that makes the new part seem joined and growing with the old.
Élise grafted a modern glass roof onto the old stone library in Lyon.
Élise 在里昂把一個現代玻璃屋頂拼接到那棟老石造圖書館上。
graft [feature] onto [structure]
The new manager tried to graft Western feedback habits onto a traditional Japanese team.
新任主管想把西方的回饋習慣硬加到一個傳統的日本團隊裡。
graft [practice] onto [group]
Critics said the director had grafted a happy ending onto a serious novel.
影評人說，這位導演把一個快樂結局硬拼到一本嚴肅的小說上。
Soraya grafted bossa nova rhythms onto her classical piano playing.
Soraya 把巴薩諾瓦的節奏拼接進她的古典鋼琴演奏裡。
- attach
more neutral; lacks the sense of forced merging
- graft on
particle form, same meaning
- superimpose
stresses the new layer sitting on top, not blending in
文法句型
graft [new thing] onto [existing thing]
用法筆記
Metaphorical extension of sense 1; the object is usually an abstract feature (idea, style, practice) and 'onto' names the host. Often carries a faint judgement that the joining feels imposed rather than natural — context tells you whether the writer approves.
常見錯誤
3. to keep working in a steady, tiring way over many hours or years, often at physi
辛勤工作
長時間賣力勞動或苦讀
to keep working in a steady, tiring way over many hours or years, often at physical tasks or studies that demand patience and stamina.
Ayana grafted away at her medical textbooks every evening after her hospital shift.
Ayana 每天醫院班結束後，都在醫學教科書上辛勤用功到深夜。
graft away at [task]
Tyler's parents grafted for decades to pay off the small farm in Yorkshire.
Tyler 的父母辛勤工作了好幾十年，才把約克郡那座小農場的貸款還清。
graft for [duration]
The builders grafted from dawn until dusk to finish the school before the rainy season.
建築工人們從清晨辛勤工作到黃昏，要趕在雨季前把學校蓋好。
Shanti grafted in her uncle's shop every weekend during high school.
Shanti 高中時每個週末都在叔叔的店裡辛勤工作。
- loaf
informal opposite — to avoid work
文法句型
graft away at [task]
用法筆記
Intransitive; often paired with 'away' to stress steady, repetitive effort. British and Australian informal — American speakers typically say 'slog away' or 'work flat out' instead.