espalier
/ɪˈspæliə(r)/ (bre, ipa) · /ɪˈspæliər/ (ame, ipa) · /i-ˈspal-yər -ˌyā/ (ame, mw) · /ɪˈspæl.i.eɪ/ (bre, ipa) · /ɪˈspɑːl.jeɪ/ (ame, ipa)
espalier — 名詞
- espaliersingular
- espaliersplural
1. A woody plant, most often a fruit tree such as an apple or pear, whose branches
牆樹
修剪平貼牆面生長的樹木
A woody plant, most often a fruit tree such as an apple or pear, whose branches are pruned and tied into a flat pattern against a vertical surface like a garden wall. The main limbs run in neat horizontal rows or spread like an open fan.
Mei-ling grew a beautiful espalier of apple trees along the south-facing wall of her garden.
Mei-ling 沿著花園南面的牆壁種了一排漂亮的蘋果牆樹。
espalier of + [fruit] + tree — naming the type of tree trained flat
The old espalier against the brick fence produced more pears than any full-sized tree.
磚牆旁那棵老牆樹結的梨子比果園裡任何一棵大樹都多。
Amara bought a ready-made espalier of fig trees and planted it against the garage wall.
Amara 買了一棵現成的無花果牆樹，種在車庫牆邊。
- wall tree
a simpler, less technical term for a tree trained flat against a wall
- fan-trained tree
a specific style of espalier where branches spread outward like an open fan
文法句型
espalier + of + [fruit type] + tree
用法筆記
When used as a countable noun, espalier refers to the plant itself, not the support structure. The plural is espaliers.
常見錯誤
2. A structure made of timber, wire, or metal mounted onto a wall or fence to hold
棚架
供樹木平貼生長的支架
A structure made of timber, wire, or metal mounted onto a wall or fence to hold a climbing plant's branches flat in a decorative pattern.
Pablo built a sturdy espalier from treated timber and wire for his young peach tree.
Pablo 用防腐木材和鐵絲為他的小桃樹打造了一個堅固的棚架。
build/make + espalier + from [materials] — constructing the support frame
The wrought-iron espalier on the south wall had weathered to a soft grey shade.
南牆上的鍛鐵棚架經過多年風雨，已經褪成柔和的灰色。
Mrs. Chen fixed a new espalier to the courtyard wall before planting the jasmine.
陳太太在種植茉莉之前，先在庭院的牆上裝了一個新棚架。
- trellis
a more general term for any lattice or framework for climbing plants; not specific to flat training against a wall
- lattice
a criss-cross wooden framework; less formal than espalier as a horticultural term
- wall frame
descriptive term for a frame fixed to a wall for training plants
用法筆記
This sense refers to the physical support structure itself. Distinguish from sense 1 (TRAINED TREE), where espalier names the plant rather than the frame.
常見錯誤
3. A horticultural technique in which the branches of a tree, especially a fruit tr
牆植法
使果樹沿牆面平展生長的修剪技術
A horticultural technique in which the branches of a tree, especially a fruit tree, are carefully pruned and guided along horizontal wires or a frame fixed to a vertical surface, so that the whole plant spreads flat rather than outward in three dimensions.
Espalier is an ancient technique that helps fruit trees produce well in small gardens.
牆植法是一種古老的技術，能讓果樹在小庭院裡也能長得很好。
uncountable: 'Espalier is...' — the method as a concept
Yuki learned the art of espalier from a master gardener during her stay in Kyoto.
Yuki 在京都停留期間，向一位園藝大師學習了牆植法的技藝。
Traditional espalier uses horizontal wires on a wall to guide branches into evenly spaced tiers.
傳統的牆植法利用固定在牆上的水平鐵絲，將枝條引導成整齊的層次。
- wall training
a descriptive alternative for training trees flat against walls
- fan training
a specific style of espalier training with branches spreading outward
用法筆記
This sense is uncountable and names the horticultural practice itself. The technique saves garden space and helps fruit ripen more evenly. Distinguish from sense 1 (TRAINED TREE), which is countable and refers to an individual plant, and sense 2 (SUPPORT FRAME), which refers to the physical structure.
常見錯誤
espalier — 動詞
- espalierpresent simple I / you / we / they
- espaliers3rd person singular
- espaliering-ing form
- espalieredpast simple
1. To cut, bend, and tie the branches of a woody plant against a wall or framework
整枝
修剪使樹木平貼支架生長
To cut, bend, and tie the branches of a woody plant against a wall or framework so that the whole plant develops a flat, vertical shape rather than a round bushy form — gardeners do this mainly with apple and pear trees to get better fruit in less space.
Chantrea spent a whole afternoon carefully espaliering the young lemon tree against the kitchen wall.
Chantrea 花了整個下午，仔細地把那棵小檸檬樹整枝在廚房牆上。
present participle: espaliering + [tree] + against [surface]
The head gardener showed the trainees how to espalier a pear tree so each branch receives direct sunlight.
園藝主管示範給學員們看，如何將梨樹整枝，讓每根枝條都能曬到太陽。
how to espalier + [tree] — infinitive pattern
The ancient fig trees along the monastery wall were espaliered for more than a century.
修道院牆邊那棵老無花果樹，已經被細心整枝超過一個世紀了。
- train flat
simpler phrasing for the same action; less technical
- wall-train
a compound verb used by gardeners, e.g. 'wall-train the peach tree'
- let grow freely
allowing a tree to grow in its natural three-dimensional shape without training
文法句型
espalier + [tree/shrub] + against/along + [surface]
用法筆記
The verb is most commonly used in its past-participle form (espaliered) to describe a tree that has already been trained. The active form (espaliering, espaliers) is rarer but used by gardeners and arborists.
常見錯誤
espalier — 形容詞
- espalierpositive
- more espaliercomparative
- most espaliersuperlative
1. (of a tree, shrub, or branch) shaped through pruning and tying so that it lies f
牆植的
經修剪平貼牆面生長的（樹木）
(of a tree, shrub, or branch) shaped through pruning and tying so that it lies flat and two-dimensional against a wall, fence, or similar upright support, typically as part of an ornamental garden design or a method for growing fruit.
The espaliered apple trees along the hotel terrace produced baskets of fruit every autumn.
飯店露台旁那些牆植的蘋果樹，每年秋天都會結出滿滿的果實。
espaliered + [tree type] — attributive use before noun
A row of espaliered pear trees lined the sunny wall of the monastery garden.
一排牆植的梨樹沿著修道院花園的向陽牆壁排列。
Mei-ling chose two espaliered camellias from the nursery because they fit her narrow balcony.
Mei-ling 從苗圃挑了兩棵牆植的山茶花，因為剛好適合她狹窄的陽臺。
- wall-trained
a common alternative with the same meaning, less technical
- flat-trained
describes the shape without specifying the support
- free-standing
describes a tree allowed to grow naturally in three dimensions without support
文法句型
espaliered + [tree/shrub/branch]
用法筆記
This is the past-participle form of the verb used as an adjective. It always describes a plant, not the support structure. Nearly all espaliered plants are fruit trees, but ornamental shrubs can also be trained this way.
espalier — 副詞
1. Placed or positioned flat against an upright surface such as a wall or fence.
貼牆
以平貼牆面方式（生長）
Placed or positioned flat against an upright surface such as a wall or fence.
The old fig tree grew espalier across the sunny side of the stone barn.
那棵老無花果樹貼牆生長在石頭穀倉向陽的一面。
grow espalier — verb + postpositive adverb; no 'to be' needed
The gardener trained each branch espalier so that the developing fruit received maximum sunlight.
園丁把每根枝條都貼牆修剪引導，讓發育中的果實獲得最多日照。
Chantrea grows her nectarine trees espalier even though her garden has room for full-sized trees.
Chantrea 把她所有的油桃樹都種成貼牆生長，即使她的花園空間足夠種植大樹。
- flat against the wall
a longer phrase that expresses the same spatial relationship in simpler words
文法句型
grow/be trained espalier
用法筆記
This adverb is rare and almost exclusively used in gardening writing. It always follows the verb directly (postpositive position). The more common way to express this meaning is with the adjective espaliered, as in 'grow espaliered trees'.