perse
perse — 形容詞
- persepositive
- persercomparative
- persestsuperlative
1. describing a deep blue color with a gray tint, similar in shade to indigo or the
暗藍灰色
類似靛藍的深灰藍色
describing a deep blue color with a gray tint, similar in shade to indigo or the dark blue of a stormy evening sky.
The artist mixed a perse pigment from crushed minerals to paint the distant mountains.
藝術家將碾碎的礦物混合成暗藍灰色顏料，用來描繪遠山。
perse pigment — attributive use for color
A perse cloak hung from the wooden peg behind the old apothecary's door.
一件暗藍灰色斗篷掛在老藥劑師門後的木栓上。
The medieval manuscript used perse ink for the illuminated capital letters.
那部中世紀手稿用暗藍灰色墨水書寫裝飾字首的大寫字母。
Lauren admired the perse silk that the tailor had laid out on the worktable.
Lauren 欣賞裁縫鋪在工作檯上的那塊暗藍灰色絲綢。
collocation: perse silk
- perse pigment
- perse silk
- perse ink
- perse cloak
- indigo
more common and specific to a purple-blue shade; 'perse' is greyer and more literary.
文法句型
perse + noun (describing color)
用法筆記
This color sense is now largely archaic; modern readers encounter it mainly in historical or literary descriptions of fabrics, inks, or pigments.
2. describing a situation in which a legal rule, statute, or constitutional provisi
當然；依法
依法律規定當然發生效力
describing a situation in which a legal rule, statute, or constitutional provision treats something as true or valid by its own force, without needing a separate ruling or additional evidence.
The court held that the contract was perse void because it violated the antitrust statute.
法院認定該契約因違反反托拉斯法而當然無效。
perse void — legal predicate
Under the new regulation, late filing is a perse violation regardless of the filer's intention.
根據新法規，逾期申報屬於當然違規，不論申報人有無故意。
perse violation — attributive use in legal context
Judge Amani ruled the company's conduct perse unlawful under the state consumer act.
法官 Amani 裁定該公司的行為依州消費者保護法當然違法。
The panel found the agency's delay a perse abuse of discretion under the APA.
上訴庭認為該機關的延遲依《行政程序法》構成當然裁量濫用。
collocation: perse abuse of discretion
A perse conflict arises when an official votes on a matter affecting personal finances.
公職人員對直接影響自身財務的事項投票時，即產生當然利益衝突。
perse conflict of interest — attributive
- perse void
- perse violation
- perse unlawful
- perse abuse of discretion
- perse conflict of interest
- perse rule
- automatically
less formal and without the legal connotation; 'automatically void' does not carry the same doctrinal weight as 'perse void.'
- by definition
similar in meaning but not limited to legal contexts or statutes.
- contingent
depending on circumstances or additional findings, the opposite of automatic legal effect.
文法句型
perse + noun / be + perse
用法筆記
Frequently paired with legal terms such as 'void,' 'violation,' 'unlawful,' 'abuse of discretion,' and 'conflict of interest.' Often contrasted with situations requiring a case-by-case factual inquiry (rule-of-reason analysis).
常見錯誤
3. describing a harmful act for which the law automatically presumes injury, so the
無待證明
法律自動推定損害，無須舉證
describing a harmful act for which the law automatically presumes injury, so the person who was harmed does not have to prove a specific financial loss or provide outside evidence of harm.
Defamation is a perse tort in some states — the plaintiff need not prove financial loss.
在某些州，誹謗被視為無待證明的侵權行為，原告無須證明實際金錢損失。
perse tort — noun phrase in defamation law
Trespass to land is a perse injury because the law protects the owner's right to exclude others.
非法侵入土地被視為無待證明的損害，因為法律保護財產所有人排除他人的權利。
The jury was told that the slander was perse, so only the statement itself had to be proved.
法官指示陪審團，本案的口頭誹謗屬於無待證明的類型，因此只需證明該陳述確曾發生。
perse (predicative) — no proof of damages needed
Attorney Sahil argued the intrusion was a perse invasion of privacy under state law.
律師 Sahil 主張，依州法，侵入私人領域屬於無待證明的隱私侵害。
The unlawful eviction was a perse wrong; the tenant received damages without proving lost wages.
房東的非法驅逐屬於無待證明的侵權行為，房客無須證明薪資損失即可請求損害賠償。
collocation: perse wrong
- perse tort
- perse injury
- perse wrong
- defamation perse
- slander perse
- trespass perse
- actionable without proof of damages
descriptive phrase rather than a synonym; no single-word alternative exists.
- requiring special damages
the opposite legal standard: some torts require the plaintiff to itemize and prove specific financial losses.
文法句型
perse + noun / be + perse
用法筆記
Commonly used with tort categories such as 'defamation perse,' 'slander perse,' 'trespass perse,' and 'invasion of privacy perse.' In these cases, the plaintiff needs only to prove that the act occurred, not its financial consequences.
常見錯誤
4. describing something that is automatically considered a certain way by its very
本質上
依其本質當然構成
describing something that is automatically considered a certain way by its very nature or by settled legal doctrine, without needing to be compared to outside facts or circumstances.
Price-fixing is a perse antitrust violation because the agreement itself is harmful.
競爭者之間的價格固定屬於本質上的反托拉斯違法行為，因為該協議本身即具有危害性。
perse violation — classic antitrust usage
The court classified the restraint as perse unreasonable, rejecting a market analysis.
法院將該項貿易限制歸類為本質上不合理，無須進行市場分析。
A perse ban on political speech by government workers needs constitutional review.
公務員的言論若遭本質上的禁止，仍須檢視其是否具有正當的憲法依據。
perse ban — attributive before 'ban'
An old case held group boycotts perse illegal, but modern courts have moved away.
舊判例認為集體抵制本質上違法，但現代法院已逐漸偏離此一原則。
perse illegal — predicative legal label
Judge Renata noted the merger is not perse anticompetitive and needs a full market review.
法官 Renata 指出，此類合併並非本質上限制競爭，須進行完整的市場審查。
not perse + adjective — negation pattern
- perse violation
- perse illegal
- perse unreasonable
- perse anticompetitive
- perse ban
- perse rule
- by itself
a less formal equivalent; 'by itself illegal' captures the same idea without legal jargon.
- intrinsically
similar concept but broader; 'intrinsically harmful' does not imply a specific legal test.
- facially
close legal synonym; 'facially invalid' means the problem is clear from the text alone.
- rule of reason
a legal standard that requires a full factual inquiry rather than a categorical rule.
- context-dependent
requiring analysis of surrounding circumstances instead of a summary judgment based on inherent characteristics.
文法句型
perse + noun / be + perse
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 2 (BY OPERATION OF LAW): sense 4 emphasizes the inherent character or nature of the thing itself (e.g., price-fixing is perse harmful), whereas sense 2 emphasizes the legal rule that produces the effect (e.g., late filing is perse void because the statute says so).
常見錯誤
per se
idiomby or in itself; considered alone, without reference to anything else.
本身；就其本身而言
The new software is not per se dangerous, but it can be misused if installed without proper security checks.
Pedro does not object to the proposal per se; he only disagrees with the way it would be funded.
per se
idiomas a matter of law; considered automatically illegal or invalid without requiring additional proof or analysis.
當然違法；當然無效
The appellate court ruled that the price-fixing agreement was unlawful per se under the Sherman Act.
Certain types of false advertising are treated as deceptive per se, so the regulator does not need to show that consumers were actually misled.
同根字
- per se副詞C1
常見搭配
常用片語
- per se rule
- per se violation
- per se illegal
- per se unlawful
- per se analysis
- per se approach
- per se standard
- perse void
- perse tort
- perse injury