proof
proof — 名詞
- proofsingular
- proofsplural
1. facts or documents that establish beyond doubt that a particular claim is true o
證據；證明
顯示事物真實性的資訊或文件
facts or documents that establish beyond doubt that a particular claim is true or that a given situation exists
The police found proof that Noa had been at the bank that morning.
警方找到了 Noa 當天早上確實在銀行的證據。
proof + that-clause for factual certainty
Scientists are still searching for proof of ancient life on the red planet.
科學家仍在尋找紅色星球上遠古生命存在的證據。
proof of + noun phrase
Do you have any proof that the car was damaged before you bought it?
你有任何證據顯示這輛車在你買之前就已經受損了嗎？
The signed contract served as proof that both sides had accepted the terms.
那份簽署的合約證明了雙方都接受了條款。
passive construction: serve as proof
- conclusive proof
- proof positive
- burden of proof
- standard of proof
- documentary proof
- evidence
wider term; evidence suggests something may be true, while proof aims to establish it beyond doubt
- confirmation
focuses on verifying something already suspected or known
- verification
more formal; often used in scientific or technical contexts
- disproof
formal term for evidence that shows something is false
文法句型
proof + that-clause
proof of + noun phrase
用法筆記
Uncountable in most contexts ('We need proof'), but countable when referring to specific documents or pieces of evidence ('She collected several proofs of her identity').
常見錯誤
2. a formal chain of reasoning that confirms the correctness of a mathematical clai
數學證明
數學或邏輯上的推導過程
a formal chain of reasoning that confirms the correctness of a mathematical claim or scientific proposition
The mathematician published her proof of the theorem in a leading journal.
那位數學家在頂尖期刊上發表了她的定理證明。
proof of + abstract concept
Students had to write a complete proof for each geometry problem on the exam.
學生必須在考試中為每個幾何題目寫出完整的證明。
complete / write a proof
The professor checked Joon's proof and confirmed that every step was valid.
教授檢查了 Joon 的證明，並確認每個步驟都正確無誤。
For his doctoral thesis, Darius developed an original proof that surprised the mathematics department.
Darius 的博士論文提出了一個原創證明，讓數學系師生都感到驚訝。
- mathematical proof
- formal proof
- proof by contradiction
- proof of concept
- demonstration
broader term; can refer to showing how something works, not just logical reasoning
- argument
less formal; may not have the same rigor as a mathematical proof
用法筆記
Countable — you can say 'a proof' or 'proofs' in this sense. Unlike sense 1, this refers to a structured logical argument rather than general evidence.
3. an early printed version of a book or article that writers and editors examine a
校樣
印刷前供檢查錯誤的樣本
an early printed version of a book or article that writers and editors examine and correct prior to the production of the finished publication
The editor sent the proof back to the printer with several corrections marked in red.
編輯把校樣退回給印刷廠，上面用紅筆標了好幾處修改。
send a proof back for corrections
Stephanie was asked to check the page proofs of her novel before the deadline.
Stephanie 被要求在截止日前檢查她的長篇小說的頁面校樣。
page proofs (compound noun)
The designer spotted a spelling mistake on the galley proof that everyone else had missed.
設計師在長條校樣上發現了一個所有人都沒注意到的拼字錯誤。
The page proof revealed a typo in the chart that would have confused readers if it went uncorrected.
頁面校樣顯示圖表中有一處打字錯誤，如果沒改正會讓讀者看不懂。
- page proofs
- galley proof
- first proof
- correct the proofs
- galley proof
a specific type of early proof, usually in a single column before page layout
- page proof
a proof arranged in final page format
用法筆記
Common in publishing and journalism. Related verbs are 'proofread' (to check proofs) and 'proof' (to make something waterproof — a different sense).
常見錯誤
4. a system of measuring how much alcohol is in a drink, where a higher number mean
酒精度；度數
衡量酒精強度的標準，數字愈高愈烈
a system of measuring how much alcohol is in a drink, where a higher number means stronger alcohol; in the US, 100 proof equals 50% alcohol by volume
This bottle of bourbon is 80 proof, which is standard for most whiskeys.
這瓶波本威士忌是 80 度，這是大部分威士忌的標準濃度。
number + proof (measurement phrase)
The bartender warned that 100 proof rum is much stronger than the usual kind people mix with cola.
調酒師警告說，100 度的蘭姆酒比大家平常拿來調可樂的那種烈得多。
Paloma asked the clerk if the 151 proof rum was too strong for mixing margaritas.
Paloma 問店員，151 度的蘭姆酒拿來調瑪格麗特會不會太烈。
Romi checked the label and saw that the whisky was 120 proof, the highest she had ever seen.
Romi 看了一下標籤，發現這瓶威士忌是 120 度，是她見過最高的。
- 80 proof
- 100 proof
- proof spirit
用法筆記
The US and UK systems differ slightly. In the UK, proof historically referred to a specific gravity test, but modern labeling uses alcohol-by-volume (ABV) instead. In everyday US conversation, the proof number is simply double the ABV percentage.
You cannot truly judge the quality or value of something until you try it or use it for yourself.
事物的好壞須經實際體驗才能判斷；布丁好不好吃，吃了才知道
The new software looks good on paper, but the proof of the pudding is in the eating — we need to test it with real users.
Amani was skeptical about the recipe, but the proof of the pudding is in the eating, and everyone asked for seconds.
proof positive
idiomclear, absolute, and undeniable evidence that settles a question beyond any doubt.
確鑿的證據；鐵證
The CCTV footage was proof positive that the suspect had been near the building at midnight.
Her first-place finish in the race was proof positive that months of hard training had paid off.
burden of proof
idiomthe duty of one party in a legal case or debate to provide sufficient evidence to support their claim, because without it the claim will be rejected.
舉證責任；提出證據的義務
In a criminal trial, the burden of proof lies with the prosecution, not the defense.
The reporter knew the burden of proof was on her to show that the documents were authentic.
To show that something is true through your own actions or qualities.
活生生的證明
Maya's success is living proof that hard work pays off.
Are these results living proof of the team's dedication?
You can only judge the quality of something after trying it.
親身試驗才能判斷好壞
We'll see if the new software works; the proof is in the pudding.
The proof of the pudding is in the eating, so let's test the recipe.
proof — 形容詞
- proofpositive
- proofercomparative
- proofestsuperlative
1. having a specified level of alcohol expressed in proof units, where larger numbe
酒精濃度…的
酒精強度為某標準度數的
having a specified level of alcohol expressed in proof units, where larger numbers indicate drinks that contain more alcohol
Lin bought a bottle of 60 proof vodka for mixing light cocktails at the party.
Lin 買了一瓶 60 度的伏特加，打算在派對上調清淡的雞尾酒。
number + proof + beverage (adjective before noun)
At the party, Bao noticed the coffee liqueur was only 30 proof, much milder than the whiskey.
派對上，Bao 注意到咖啡利口酒只有 30 度，比威士忌溫和得多。
Kabir poured his friend a glass of 100 proof bourbon, praising its rich smoky flavor.
Kabir 倒了一杯 100 度的波本威士忌給朋友，稱讚它濃郁的煙燻風味。
Asher picked a low-proof coffee liqueur for the tiramisu to add flavor without the alcohol taste.
Asher 選了一款低濃度的咖啡利口酒來做提拉米蘇，增添風味又不會有酒味。
- 60 proof
- 80 proof
- 100 proof
- low-proof
- high-proof
文法句型
always after a number: '60 proof whiskey'
用法筆記
Always comes immediately after a number and before the noun it modifies. Never used alone as an adjective ('a proof whiskey'). The US proof number is always double the alcohol-by-volume percentage.
常見錯誤
2. designed to withstand or hold out against a specific damaging force, including w
能抵禦的
能抵抗特定傷害或破壞的
designed to withstand or hold out against a specific damaging force, including water, fire, impact, or pressure
The new winter jacket is proof against heavy rain and freezing wind.
這件新冬衣能防大雨和刺骨的寒風。
proof against [weather]
No electronic safe is completely proof against a determined thief with the right tools.
沒有任何電子保險箱能在配有適當工具的小偷面前完全防盜。
The mountain shelter was built to be proof against the worst storms the region could produce.
山區避難所的建造標準是能夠抵擋當地最嚴重的暴風雪。
The new phone case is advertised as proof against drops from up to two meters high.
這款新手機殼號稱可以防摔，從兩公尺高掉落也沒問題。
- proof against
- weather-proof
- shock-proof
- resistant
broader term; can describe partial resistance rather than complete protection
- impervious
more formal; suggests nothing can get through at all
- vulnerable
open to damage or attack
文法句型
proof against + noun phrase
用法筆記
This sense is being gradually replaced by the more common '-proof' suffix (waterproof, fireproof, bulletproof). 'Proof against' sounds more formal and is often used in technical or literary contexts.
常見錯誤
proof — 動詞
- proofpresent simple I / you / we / they
- proofs3rd person singular
- proofing-ing form
- proofedpast simple
1. to apply a special substance to a surface such as fabric, wood, or walls so that
防水處理
在表面塗上防水物質
to apply a special substance to a surface such as fabric, wood, or walls so that water or other liquids cannot pass through
Théo proofed the wooden deck with a clear sealant before the rainy season began.
Théo 在雨季來臨前用透明防水劑處理了木頭露臺。
proof + surface with [substance]
The basement walls were proofed against moisture before the new flooring was installed.
地下室牆壁在安裝新地板之前做了防潮處理。
passive: proofed against [threat]
Vivek sprayed each canvas roll with a sealant to proof it against heavy rain.
Vivek 在每捲帆布上噴灑防水劑，使其能夠防大雨。
Before installing the shower, the contractor proofed the wall tiles with a waterproof membrane.
安裝淋浴設備之前，承包商先用防水膜處理了牆面磁磚。
- proof a surface
- proof against moisture
- proofed fabric
- proofed wood
- waterproof
more common everyday verb; 'proof' is shorter and more technical
- seal
broader term; can mean closing gaps without implying a special coating
文法句型
proof + noun phrase (object)
proof + object + against + noun
用法筆記
Distinct from 'proofread' (to check text for errors). This verb is mainly used in construction, outdoor gear, and fabric treatment contexts.
常見錯誤
proof — 字尾
1. added to nouns to form adjectives meaning that something cannot be damaged, harm
防…的；耐…
表示能抵禦某物的形容詞後綴
added to nouns to form adjectives meaning that something cannot be damaged, harmed, or penetrated by the thing named; for example, 'waterproof' means water cannot get through, and 'bulletproof' means bullets cannot go through
Marta bought a waterproof phone case for her trip to the beach.
Marta 去海邊旅行時買了一個防水的手機殼。
waterproof (most common -proof compound)
The bank teller sat behind a bulletproof glass window all day.
銀行行員整天坐在防彈玻璃窗後面。
bulletproof glass (compound noun)
The bakery uses greaseproof paper to line its baking trays so the cookies do not stick.
那家烘焙店用防油紙鋪烤盤，這樣餅乾就不會黏住。
The new apartment complex has fireproof doors in every hallway for safety.
新的公寓大樓為了安全起見，每個走廊都裝了防火門。
- waterproof
- bulletproof
- fireproof
- foolproof
- greaseproof
- weatherproof
- childproof
- rustproof
文法句型
[noun] + proof = adjective
用法筆記
This is a highly productive suffix in English. New compounds are constantly being created, especially in marketing (e.g., 'wrinkle-proof,' 'scratch-proof'). The resulting adjective cannot usually be compared ('more waterproof' is rare).
常見錯誤
同根字
- prove動詞B1
- proven形容詞B2
- proofread動詞B2
- proofreader名詞B2
- waterproof形容詞B1
- bulletproof形容詞B2
- foolproof形容詞C1
- disproof名詞C2
常見搭配
常用片語
- proof of concept
- proof of purchase
- proof of identity