mentalism
mentalism — 名詞
1. the philosophical position that the mind is the deepest form of reality, so that
心靈主義
主張心靈為基本實在的哲學觀點
the philosophical position that the mind is the deepest form of reality, so that physical things are nothing more than ideas or perceptions within a mind
In philosophy class, Bao learned that mentalism views the physical world as a set of ideas.
在哲學課上，Bao 學到心靈主義將物質世界視為一組觀念。
Professor Nellie argued that mentalism helps explain why people see the same object differently.
Nellie 教授主張，心靈主義有助於解釋為何不同人對同一物體有不同看法。
argue that + clause showing academic argument pattern
An essay on mentalism helped Henry see why some thinkers believe only minds exist.
一篇關於心靈主義的文章讓 Henry 明白了為何有些思想家認為只有心靈存在。
The debate between mentalism and materialism has shaped Western thought for over three hundred years.
心靈主義與唯物論之間的辯論，已經影響西方思想超過三百年。
Noa wrote a short paper comparing mentalism to the view that only matter is real.
Noa 寫了一篇短文，比較心靈主義與唯有物質才是真實的觀點。
- idealism
broader category; mentalism is a specific form of idealism that treats the mind as the sole substance
- immaterialism
nearly synonymous with Berkeley's version of mentalism; less common in modern usage
- subjectivism
focuses on personal experience rather than the mind as a universal reality
- materialism
the view that matter is the fundamental reality and mind arises from physical processes
- physicalism
modern form of materialism; holds that everything is physical or supervenes on the physical
用法筆記
Frequently contrasted with materialism or physicalism in academic writing. This sense is almost always uncountable.
常見錯誤
2. the view that mental activities such as thinking and feeling are fundamentally s
心腦二元論
主張心理活動與大腦活動本質不同的理論
the view that mental activities such as thinking and feeling are fundamentally separate from the physical brain processes that happen at the same time
Amani's research paper explored whether mentalism can explain the feeling of free will.
Amani 的研究論文探討了心腦二元論是否能解釋自由意志的感覺。
explore + whether-clause showing research context
At the conference, Dr. Nikhil defended mentalism against scientists who reduce thought to brain chemistry.
在研討會上，Nikhil 博士為心腦二元論辯護，反駁那些將思想化約為大腦化學作用的科學家。
defend + against + noun phrase showing opposition
Critics of mentalism argue that brain scans show no separate mental layer beyond neural activity.
心腦二元論的批評者認為，腦部掃描顯示在神經活動之外並不存在獨立的心靈層次。
Salma found mentalism useful for talking about emotions that brain science cannot fully describe.
Salma 發現心腦二元論有助於討論那些腦科學無法完整描述的情緒。
- substance dualism
the broader category of views that mind and matter are different substances; mentalism is one version of it
- mind-body dualism
general term for any theory that separates mental and physical; more commonly used than mentalism
- physicalism
the view that mental states are identical to or fully caused by brain states
- eliminative materialism
the radical view that mental concepts like belief and desire will eventually be replaced by neuroscience terms
用法筆記
This sense is distinguished from sense 1 by its narrower focus on the mind-brain relationship rather than reality as a whole. Modern philosophers of mind often debate this sense of mentalism alongside dualism.