without
/wɪˈðaʊt/ (bre, ipa) · /wɪˈðaʊt/ (ame, ipa) · /wi-ˈt͟hau̇t -ˈthau̇t/ (ame, mw)
without — 介系詞
1. used to say that a person does not have something, is not using something, or th
沒有；缺少
不擁有、不使用或缺乏某物
used to say that a person does not have something, is not using something, or that something is not present or available.
Gabriel went to the train station without his wallet and could not buy a ticket.
Gabriel 沒帶錢包就去火車站了，結果買不了車票。
without + possessive noun
Iris made a fresh salad without adding any salt or dressing.
Iris 做了一份不加鹽也不加醬料的新鮮沙拉。
without + -ing form
The children watched the whole movie without making a single sound.
孩子們看完整部電影，一聲都沒出。
Femi drove across the city without a map and still found the restaurant.
Femi 沒有地圖就開車穿越市區，還是找到了那家餐廳。
The old house stood on the hill without any electricity or running water.
那棟老房子矗立在山丘上，沒有電也沒有自來水。
- lacking
more formal; used for qualities or features rather than physical objects ('lacking confidence')
- in the absence of
formal; used in official or academic contexts ('in the absence of evidence')
- minus
informal; often used for numbers, costs, or tangible items ('The total, minus tax, is £40')
- with
the direct opposite; indicates presence or accompaniment
文法句型
without + noun
without + -ing form
without + pronoun
用法筆記
This is by far the most common use of 'without'. It can be followed by a noun (without help), a pronoun (without it), or the -ing form of a verb (without waiting). The -ing form is the only verb form allowed directly after 'without' — never a base verb or past tense.
常見錯誤
without — 副詞
1. used after a verb such as 'do', 'go', or 'manage' to say that a person accepts n
沒有；缺乏
在動詞後表示缺少某物
used after a verb such as 'do', 'go', or 'manage' to say that a person accepts not having something they would normally expect or need.
The shop had run out of milk, so Feng had to have his coffee without.
店裡的牛奶賣完了，所以 Feng 只好喝不加奶的咖啡。
verb + without (no object)
The library did not have enough computers for everyone, so some students had to do without.
圖書館的電腦不夠大家用，所以有些學生只好將就沒有電腦。
phrasal pattern: do without
Reema forgot her phone charger at the hotel and had to manage without for the whole trip.
Reema 把手機充電器忘在旅館，整趟行程只能將就著用。
During the war, many families had to go without for weeks at a time.
戰爭期間，許多家庭常常得連續好幾個禮拜過著匱乏的生活。
Beatriz did not have a microwave in her new flat but quickly learned to live without.
Beatriz 的新公寓沒有微波爐，但她很快就學會了沒有微波爐的生活。
文法句型
verb + without
go without
do without
manage without
live without
用法筆記
This adverbial use always appears at the end of a clause, and no object follows it — the missing item is clear from context. Common verbs used before it include 'do', 'go', 'manage', and 'live'. Unlike the preposition, it does not take a noun or gerund after it.
without — 連接詞
1. used in formal or literary English with the same meaning as 'unless', to say tha
除非
表示某事只有在另一情況發生時才成立
used in formal or literary English with the same meaning as 'unless', to say that one situation can happen only if another situation does not happen first.
Without the manager approves the budget first, the project cannot move forward.
除非經理先批准預算，否則這個專案無法推進。
formal: without + subject + verb
Without we receive a written application by Friday, your name will not be added to the list.
除非我們在星期五前收到書面申請，否則您的名字不會被列入名單。
The ancient treaty stated that no army may cross the river without the king gives his permission.
古老的條約規定，除非國王准許，否則任何軍隊都不得渡河。
Without the evidence is reviewed by a second expert, the court cannot reach a decision.
除非證據經由第二位專家審查，否則法院無法做出判決。
The rescue team warned that without the weather improves within hours, the mission would be too dangerous.
救援隊警告說，除非天氣在幾小時內好轉，否則任務將太過危險。
- unless
the modern and far more common equivalent; use this in everyday speech and writing
文法句型
without + subject + verb (present tense)
用法筆記
This construction is rare in modern everyday English, where 'unless' is almost always preferred. When 'without' is used as a conjunction, it typically appears in formal writing, legal documents, older literature, or deliberately elevated speech. The verb that follows is in the present tense.
常見錯誤
without — 名詞
1. a formal or literary word for the area that lies outside a building, city, or en
外部；外界
某處外面或外部的區域
a formal or literary word for the area that lies outside a building, city, or enclosed space, especially when contrasted with what is inside.
The castle's thick stone walls kept the dangers of the without at a distance.
城堡厚實的石牆將外部的危險隔絕於遠處。
the without (noun, rare usage)
From the without, Rafael stared through the frosted window at the warm glow of the fire inside.
Rafael 從屋外隔著結霜的窗戶，凝視著屋內壁爐的溫暖火光。
contrasted with 'inside'
From the without came the howling of wolves and the rustling of dry leaves.
從外部傳來狼嚎和枯葉沙沙作響的聲音。
Élise found the architecture beautiful from the without but poorly planned inside.
Élise 覺得這棟建築物從外部看很美，但內部設計不佳。
The garden was enclosed by a high hedge, creating a peaceful world shut off from the noisy without.
花園四周被高高的樹籬圍繞，形成一個與喧囂外界隔絕的寧靜天地。
- the outside
the natural modern equivalent; used in all registers
- the exterior
slightly more formal; often used for buildings or vehicles
- the within
the contrasting literary term for the interior or inside area
文法句型
the without
用法筆記
This noun use is very rare in modern English. It is almost exclusively found in literary, philosophical, or formal writing from earlier periods. In everyday speech, 'the outside' or 'the exterior' is used instead. It is always preceded by 'the'.