raw
raw — 名詞
1. a small area of skin or flesh that is sore and exposed because the surface layer
破皮處
皮膚被磨破或擦掉表層的疼痛部位
a small area of skin or flesh that is sore and exposed because the surface layer has been scraped, worn, or rubbed off.
Vikram bandaged the raw on his heel where the new boot had rubbed for hours.
Vikram 把腳跟新靴子磨了好幾小時的破皮處包紮起來。
the raw + on + [body part] for a sore patch of exposed skin
The nurse gently dabbed antiseptic onto the raw above Sofia's elbow.
護士輕輕地把消毒藥水點在 Sofia 手肘上方的擦傷處。
the raw + above/below + [body part]
After two days of rowing, Ezra had a raw on each palm that stung in cold water.
划了兩天船後，Ezra 兩隻手掌各有一塊破皮，碰到冷水就刺痛。
Kwame winced as the salty sea air touched the raw on his sunburnt shoulder.
Kwame 一感受到帶鹹味的海風吹到曬傷肩膀上的破皮處，就皺了皺眉。
文法句型
the raw on [body part]
用法筆記
Rarely used as a noun in modern English; the adjective use ('a raw patch', 'raw skin') is far more common. When the noun does appear, it almost always names a small, painful area of broken or scraped skin and takes the definite article 'the'.
常見錯誤
raw — 形容詞
- rawpositive
- rawercomparative
- rawestsuperlative
1. describing food, especially meat, fish, or vegetables, that has not been heated
生的；未煮的
尚未經過加熱烹調的食物
describing food, especially meat, fish, or vegetables, that has not been heated on a stove or in an oven before being served.
Sofia loves Japanese sushi made with raw salmon and tuna.
Sofia 很喜歡用生鮭魚和鮪魚做的日式壽司。
raw + [food noun] (meat / fish)
The chef warned us never to feed raw chicken to the dog.
主廚提醒我們，絕對不要把生雞肉拿去餵狗。
raw + [food noun] (meat)
Madison prefers her carrots raw rather than boiled in soup.
Madison 喜歡生吃紅蘿蔔，而不是丟進湯裡煮熟。
These eggs are still raw, so please cook them for ten minutes.
這些蛋還是生的，請再煮十分鐘。
Many salad recipes use raw spinach, cucumber, and red onion.
許多沙拉食譜會用到生菠菜、小黃瓜和紫洋蔥。
文法句型
raw + [food noun]
be + raw
用法筆記
Almost always used of foods that COULD be cooked but haven't been. We don't normally call an apple 'raw' because apples are usually eaten without cooking; we say 'raw' when cooking is the expected default.
常見錯誤
2. describing a substance such as cotton, oil, sugar, or wood that comes straight f
未加工的
尚未提煉或加工的天然原料
describing a substance such as cotton, oil, sugar, or wood that comes straight from nature and has not yet been treated, refined, or made into a finished product.
The factory in Vietnam turns raw cotton into soft white T-shirts.
越南那家工廠把未加工的棉花變成柔軟的白色 T 恤。
raw + [substance noun] (industrial input)
Saudi Arabia ships huge amounts of raw oil to refineries in Asia.
沙烏地阿拉伯把大量原油運往亞洲的煉油廠。
raw + [substance noun]
Ayana melted raw sugar in a pan to make caramel for the cake.
Ayana 在鍋子裡融化原蔗糖，做成蛋糕用的焦糖。
The carpenter chose raw oak for the table, with no paint or polish.
木匠選了未加工的橡木做這張桌子，完全沒上漆或打蠟。
- unprocessed
more technical, common in business and trade contexts
- crude
specifically of oil and minerals before refining
- natural
broader; includes many things that are not industrial inputs
文法句型
raw + [substance noun]
用法筆記
Subject is usually an industrial input (cotton, wool, oil, timber, sugar, silk). The fixed phrase 'raw materials' is by far the most common form and refers to all the basic substances a factory needs.
3. describing numbers or information that have just been gathered and not yet been
原始的
尚未分析整理的數據資料
describing numbers or information that have just been gathered and not yet been sorted, summarised, or examined to find patterns or meaning.
Nadia spent the weekend cleaning raw survey data on a spreadsheet.
Nadia 整個週末都在試算表上整理原始問卷資料。
raw + data (most common pairing)
The scientists posted the raw measurements online before writing the paper.
科學家在撰寫論文之前，先把原始測量數據放上網。
raw + [information noun]
Halvor, the government statistician, struggled to spot voting trends in the raw numbers from last week's election.
政府統計員 Halvor 很難從上週選舉的原始數字裡看出投票趨勢。
Talia downloaded the raw video footage and edited it into a short film.
Talia 下載了原始錄影素材，把它剪成一支短片。
- unprocessed
common in technical and academic writing
- unanalysed
more formal; emphasises that no study has been done yet
- summarised
of figures put into clear tables or charts
文法句型
raw + [data / information noun]
用法筆記
Most common with 'data', 'numbers', 'figures', 'footage', and 'results'. Distinguish from sense 2 (UNPROCESSED MATERIAL): sense 2 is about physical substances; sense 3 is about information.
4. describing someone who has only just started a job or activity and so still lack
新手的
剛開始接觸而毫無經驗的人
describing someone who has only just started a job or activity and so still lacks the skills and confidence that come from real practice.
Yumi was a raw beginner the first time she stepped onto the tennis court.
Yumi 第一次踏上網球場時，還是個徹底的新手。
raw beginner (fixed collocation)
The army is sending raw recruits to a six-week camp in the mountains.
軍方要把這批新兵送去山上的營地受訓六週。
raw recruits (fixed collocation)
Most of the kitchen staff are raw, so the head chef trains them every morning.
廚房裡大部分的員工都是菜鳥，所以主廚每天早上都會帶他們練習。
Élise joined the orchestra raw, but after a year she became its lead violinist.
Élise 加入樂團時還是新手，但一年後就成了首席小提琴手。
- inexperienced
more neutral, works for any age and any context
- green
informal, very similar in meaning
- untrained
focuses on lack of formal teaching
- seasoned
implies many years of practice
文法句型
raw + [person noun]
raw recruit
用法筆記
Strongly favours the fixed collocations 'raw recruit' and 'raw beginner'. Often appears alongside a hint of promise — the person is unskilled now but expected to improve.
常見錯誤
5. describing a feeling such as anger, fear, or grief that is so strong and direct
難掩的
強烈到難以隱藏或控制的情感
describing a feeling such as anger, fear, or grief that is so strong and direct that the person showing it cannot easily hold it back or hide it.
Meera could hear the raw anger in her father's voice on the phone.
Meera 在電話裡聽得出爸爸聲音中那股難掩的怒氣。
raw + [emotion noun] (anger)
Months after the funeral, Kofi's grief was still raw and he cried at small things like an old photograph.
葬禮過後好幾個月，Kofi 的哀痛仍難以平復，看到一張舊照片這樣的小事就掉眼淚。
predicative: be + raw (of grief)
The crowd cheered with raw excitement when the home team scored.
主隊得分時，群眾爆出毫不掩飾的興奮歡呼。
Iris stared at the message, her face full of raw fear.
Iris 盯著那則訊息，臉上滿是難掩的恐懼。
文法句型
raw + [emotion noun]
用法筆記
Pairs strongly with negative or intense feelings: anger, grief, fear, pain, emotion, energy. Distinguish from sense 6 (HONEST WRITING): this sense applies to feelings inside a person, while sense 6 applies to a piece of writing or art.
6. describing a book, film, or other work that tells the truth about a difficult su
直白的
毫不修飾、直面真實的作品
describing a book, film, or other work that tells the truth about a difficult subject in a direct way, without softening painful or ugly details for the reader or viewer.
Emre's memoir gives a raw account of his years in the refugee camp.
Emre 的回憶錄毫不修飾地寫出了他在難民營那幾年的生活。
raw account / raw + [text noun]
Critics called the documentary raw and praised its honesty about poverty.
影評人稱讚這部紀錄片直白坦率，誠實呈現了貧窮的樣貌。
predicative: be + raw (of art)
Christopher writes raw poems about the loss of his mother and sister.
Christopher 寫了一些直白的詩，談他失去母親和妹妹的傷痛。
The play offers a raw portrait of life in a busy Taipei hospital.
這齣劇赤裸地刻畫出台北一家忙碌醫院裡的眾生相。
- unflinching
literary; emphasises that the work refuses to look away
- candid
more general; about openness rather than artistic effect
- stark
stresses bare, unsoftened presentation
文法句型
raw + [text / film noun]
用法筆記
Subject is usually a creative work (memoir, novel, film, song, poem) or a portrayal within one. Often appears with positive review words like 'honest', 'powerful', 'unflinching' — the bluntness is treated as a quality, not a fault.
7. describes a patch of skin or flesh that has been rubbed, scraped, or damaged so
紅腫疼痛的
皮膚因摩擦或受損而紅腫刺痛
describes a patch of skin or flesh that has been rubbed, scraped, or damaged so that it feels sore and looks red — for example, a blistered heel after a long hike or chapped lips in winter.
After hiking in new boots all day, Sora's heels were red and raw.
在新靴子裡走了一整天的山路後，Sora 的腳跟又紅又腫，磨得很痛。
predicative use describing damaged skin
The baby's skin was raw from wearing a wet diaper too long.
寶寶包著濕尿布太久，皮膚被磨得又紅又痛。
raw from + cause of irritation
Wren scrubbed her hands so often at the clinic that the knuckles felt raw and stung in the cold air.
Wren 在診所裡頻繁洗手，指節都磨得紅腫，一吹冷風就刺痛。
Aaron's lips were chapped and raw after the ski trip.
滑雪旅行回來後，Aaron 的嘴唇又乾又裂，紅腫疼痛。
- healed
after the skin recovers
用法筆記
Subject is almost always a body part (skin, hands, lips, throat, knees) or a wound area. Frequently appears in the pattern 'raw from + cause' (raw from rubbing, raw from cold).
常見錯誤
8. describes weather or air that is bitingly cold and often damp, the kind that cut
濕冷刺骨的
陰冷潮濕、刺骨難受的天氣
describes weather or air that is bitingly cold and often damp, the kind that cuts through your coat and makes your face and hands ache — typical of grey winter mornings rather than a crisp dry frost.
A raw February wind blew off the harbour and stung Asher's cheeks.
二月一陣濕冷刺骨的風從港口吹來，刺得 Asher 兩頰生疼。
attributive: raw + wind / morning / day
It was a raw, grey morning in Glasgow, with rain hanging in the air.
那是格拉斯哥一個陰冷潮濕的灰濛濛早晨，空氣中飄著雨絲。
raw paired with grey or wet for damp-cold scenes
Minh pulled his scarf tighter against the raw cold of the train platform.
Minh 把圍巾拉緊，抵擋月台上那股濕冷刺骨的寒意。
The fishermen worked through raw weather all winter, hands numb inside their gloves.
整個冬天，漁夫們都在這種陰冷潮濕的天氣裡幹活，手套裡的手凍得發麻。
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 1 of 'cold': 'raw' adds a sense of dampness, grey skies, and biting wind, not just a low temperature. A clear, sunny day at minus ten can be 'cold' but not 'raw'.
常見錯誤
9. used about treatment, a verdict, or a judgement that is harshly unfair — for exa
極不公平的
對待方式嚴苛而不公允
used about treatment, a verdict, or a judgement that is harshly unfair — for example, being sacked without warning after years of loyal service, or losing a final because of a bad referee call.
Ravindra felt he had been given a raw deal when the company sacked him without notice.
公司毫無預警就把 Ravindra 解僱，他覺得自己被狠狠地虧待了。
fixed phrase: a raw deal = unfair treatment
The visiting team got a raw deal from the referee's last call in front of forty thousand fans.
在四萬名觀眾面前，裁判最後那個判決讓客隊吃了極不公平的虧。
fixed phrase: get a raw deal = receive unfair treatment
Younger workers often get a raw deal when overtime hours are handed out.
在分配加班時數時，年輕員工常常被虧待。
Ife thought it was raw treatment to be passed over for promotion after leading the project for two years.
Ife 領導那個專案兩年，卻在升遷時被跳過，她覺得這種對待非常不公平。
用法筆記
Strongly collocates with 'deal' — 'a raw deal' is the most common form by far. Outside that fixed phrase, 'raw' in this sense (raw treatment, a raw decision) sounds slightly old-fashioned or journalistic.
常見錯誤
10. with no clothes on at all — used as a casual, slightly humorous way of saying na
赤身裸體的
沒穿衣服，多見於 in the raw
with no clothes on at all — used as a casual, slightly humorous way of saying naked, especially in fixed expressions like 'in the raw'.
Manuela likes to swim in the raw at her cabin, where no neighbours can see her.
Manuela 喜歡在自家小木屋外光著身子游泳，因為沒有鄰居看得到。
fixed phrase: in the raw = naked
The painter prefers to sketch his models in the raw rather than in costume.
那位畫家偏好讓模特兒裸著身體入畫，而不是穿著戲服。
Layla walked in on her brother dancing in the raw to an old pop song.
Layla 撞見哥哥光溜溜地跟著一首老流行歌跳舞。
After the sauna, the older men sat around chatting in the raw, completely at ease.
桑拿之後，幾位年長的男士光著身子坐著聊天，神情自在。
用法筆記
Almost always appears in the fixed phrase 'in the raw'. Predicative 'he was raw' to mean 'naked' is very rare and would confuse readers — use 'naked' or 'in the raw' instead.