rough
rough — 動詞
- roughpresent simple I / you / we / they
- roughs3rd person singular
- roughing-ing form
- roughedpast simple
1. to accept a period of time without modern comforts such as a proper bed, running
簡樸度日
在沒有現代設備的情況下暫時生活
to accept a period of time without modern comforts such as a proper bed, running water, or electricity, usually by choice while camping or travelling
On their hike, Samir and Jessica roughed it in a tiny tent for three nights.
在健行途中，Samir 和 Jessica 在狹小的帳篷裡簡樸度日三個晚上。
phrase: rough it + in [place]
The cabin had no electricity, but the children did not mind roughing it all weekend.
那間老舊的木屋沒有電，但孩子們並不介意週末在那裡簡樸過活。
Emre roughed it on a remote island instead of staying at a fancy hotel.
Emre 在偏遠島嶼上簡樸度日，而不去住高級飯店。
Iris and her friends roughed it by sleeping on the floor of an empty house.
Iris 和朋友們在一間空蕩蕩的房子裡打地鋪，將就過了一晚。
When the power went out, the whole family had to rough it by candlelight.
停電的時候，全家人只能在燭光下將就著過。
- camp out
more specific to sleeping outdoors in a tent
- live rough
British English; often suggests sleeping outside without shelter, not always by choice
- make do
broader meaning of managing with whatever is available
- live in luxury
opposite of accepting discomfort
- glamp
informal; camping with modern comforts
文法句型
rough + it
用法筆記
Always used in the fixed phrase 'rough it'. The object 'it' cannot be replaced with another noun or pronoun.
常見錯誤
rough — 名詞
- roughsingular
- roughsplural
1. a drawing made quickly at the very beginning of a project, without fine details,
草圖
快速繪製的初步圖稿
a drawing made quickly at the very beginning of a project, without fine details, to plan how the final version will look
Sora showed the client a rough of the poster before starting the final version.
Sora 在開始製作最終版本之前，先向客戶展示了海報的草圖。
rough + of + noun phrase for preliminary plans
The architect drew several roughs of the library entrance before choosing one design.
建築師畫了好幾張圖書館入口的草圖，最後才選定一個設計。
plural roughs meaning multiple quick sketches
Élise kept all her roughs in a notebook for future projects.
Élise 把所有草圖都保存在筆記本裡，留待日後使用。
Before painting the mural, Darius made roughs of each section in pencil.
Darius 在畫壁畫之前，先用鉛筆勾勒出每一區塊的草圖。
- final version
the completed, polished piece after the rough stage
文法句型
rough + of + noun phrase
用法筆記
Countable noun. Usually refers to hand-drawn sketches in art, design, or architecture. The rough comes before the more detailed version.
常見錯誤
2. the earliest, simplest version of something such as a piece of writing, a plan,
草稿；雛形
尚未完成的初步版本
the earliest, simplest version of something such as a piece of writing, a plan, or a design, with only the main ideas and no small details yet
The first rough of the report was ten pages, but the final version had forty.
報告的第一版草稿只有十頁，但最終版本寫了四十頁。
first rough → final version contrast
Indra wrote a rough of her speech on a napkin during lunch.
Indra 在午餐期間把演講的草稿寫在了餐巾紙上。
write + rough + of + noun phrase
The team reviewed a rough of the new website layout for early feedback.
團隊審查了新網站版面的初步草稿，以獲得早期回饋。
Tomás submitted a rough of his essay so the teacher could suggest changes.
Tomás 把作文的草稿交給了老師，請老師建議修改方向。
- final version
the complete, detailed product
- finished product
the polished end result
文法句型
rough + of + noun phrase
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 1 (QUICK SKETCH): this sense applies to writing, plans, and designs — not only hand-drawn pictures. The thing it produces can be text, a layout, or a set of ideas.
常見錯誤
3. a person who behaves in a threatening or physically violent way, especially as p
粗暴的人
行為粗暴危險的人
a person who behaves in a threatening or physically violent way, especially as part of a group
A group of roughs started shouting outside the stadium after the match ended.
比賽結束後，一群粗暴的人開始在體育館外面大聲叫囂。
group of roughs — usually appears in plural
The shopkeeper told the roughs to leave before the police arrived.
店主叫那些粗暴的人離開，否則就要報警了。
Local residents complained about the roughs who gathered on the street corner every night.
附近居民投訴那些每晚聚集在街角的粗暴份子。
Hui warned her brother not to get involved with the roughs from the nearby estate.
Hui 警告弟弟不要和附近社區的那些暴徒混在一起。
- thug
the more common modern word for a violent person
- troublemaker
broader; can describe someone who causes problems without necessarily being violent
- hooligan
specifically a young person who behaves violently in public, especially at sports events
文法句型
usually plural
用法筆記
Dated or regional British informal. Much less common in modern English than synonyms such as 'thug' or 'troublemaker'. Usually appears in plural. Avoid in formal writing.
常見錯誤
4. on a golf course, the long grass, bushes, and wild plants at the edges of each h
長草區
高爾夫球場邊緣的長草區域
on a golf course, the long grass, bushes, and wild plants at the edges of each hole that make the ball harder to play than on the short fairway grass
His ball landed in the rough, so his next shot was much harder than usual.
他的球掉進了長草區，所以下一桿比平常難打得多。
in the rough — golf position
The rough along the fairway was filled with thick grass and thorny bushes.
球道邊緣的長草區長滿了茂密的雜草和帶刺的灌木。
Vinícius spent five minutes searching for his ball in the deep rough.
Vinícius 花了五分鐘在厚厚的長草區裡找球。
Good players keep the ball on the fairway to avoid the rough.
厲害的球員會把球留在球道上，避免打進長草區。
- fairway
the area of short grass on a golf course, opposite to the rough
文法句型
the rough
in the rough
deep rough
用法筆記
Uncountable. Always takes 'the': 'the rough'. Used only in the context of golf. The opposite is 'the fairway' — the short, mown grass where the ball is easy to play.
常見錯誤
rough — 形容詞
- roughpositive
- roughercomparative
- roughestsuperlative
1. A rough surface has an uneven top layer, covered with small bumps or ridges that
不平的
表面不平整、凹凸的
A rough surface has an uneven top layer, covered with small bumps or ridges that make it hard to walk on or slide a hand across easily.
The old stone path was rough and uneven, so walking on it felt unsteady.
那條舊石徑粗糙不平，走在上面感覺很不穩。
collocation: rough + path / road / surface
Iris hurt her knee when she tripped on the rough ground outside the playground.
Iris 在遊樂場外坑坑窪窪的地面上絆倒，傷了膝蓋。
The carpenter sanded the rough wooden table until the top felt completely smooth.
木匠把粗糙的木桌磨砂，直到桌面變得完全光滑。
The rough walls of the cave scratched Zayd's jacket as he crawled through.
Zayd 爬過山洞時，洞內粗糙的牆壁刮破了他的外套。
用法筆記
Commonly contrasts with 'smooth' when describing surfaces before and after treatment, such as sanding or paving.
常見錯誤
2. If a material or a person's skin has a rough texture, it feels coarse against yo
粗糙的
觸感不光滑、不細緻的
If a material or a person's skin has a rough texture, it feels coarse against your fingers rather than soft or smooth.
The paper felt rough between Tamar's fingers, unlike the smooth pages of a new book.
Tamar 覺得那張紙摸起來很粗糙，不像新書的書頁那麼光滑。
tactile sensation: rough to the touch, contrasted with smooth
After working in the garden all morning, Greta's palms felt dry and rough.
Greta 在花園裡工作了一整個上午，手掌變得又乾又粗。
Nia touched the rough fabric of the old armchair and found it uncomfortable.
Nia 摸了摸舊扶手椅的粗糙布料，覺得很不舒服。
The cat's tongue felt surprisingly rough when it licked Walid's hand after dinner.
那隻貓的舌頭舔過 Walid 的手時，感覺出乎意料地粗糙。
用法筆記
Most often describes the feel of paper, fabric, skin, or animal tongues. Unlike sense 1, the focus is on tactile perception rather than visual unevenness.
3. describing an area of land that has not been cared for or prepared for use, with
荒蕪的
土地未經整理、雜草叢生的
describing an area of land that has not been cared for or prepared for use, with many wild plants, stones, and an uneven surface.
The children explored the rough land behind the village, pushing through tall grass and bushes.
孩子們在村莊後面那片荒地上探險，撥開高高的雜草和灌木叢。
collocation: rough land / rough ground
Farmers did not plant crops on the rough hillside because the soil was too rocky.
農夫們沒有在那片崎嶇的山坡上種植作物，因為土壤太岩石化了。
Paul kicked the ball into the rough area near the river where nobody ever walked.
Paul 把球踢到河邊那塊沒人走過的荒蕪區域裡。
Xiu's dog disappeared into the rough field and got lost among the tall wild plants.
Xiu 的狗跑進那片荒地，在高高的野草中迷失了方向。
- wild
broader; describes nature that is not controlled by people
- uncultivated
more formal; land not used for farming
- cultivated
opposite — land that has been prepared for growing crops
- manicured
opposite — land that is carefully cut and maintained
用法筆記
Only used before a noun (rough land, rough ground, rough field). In golf, 'the rough' (noun) is the long-grass area beside the fairway — a related but separate meaning.
4. not detailed or fully correct; giving only a general idea or a close but not exa
粗略的
不精確、不詳細的；大略的
not detailed or fully correct; giving only a general idea or a close but not exact number, amount, or plan.
The builder gave Shanti a rough estimate of how much the kitchen would cost.
建築工人給 Shanti 估算了一下廚房改造的大致費用。
collocation: rough estimate
Élise drew a rough map of the neighbourhood to help her friend find the cafe.
Élise 畫了一張社區的簡略地圖，幫助朋友找到那間咖啡館。
Ari had only a rough idea of the time, so he checked his watch again.
Ari 只大概知道時間，所以他又看了一下手錶確認。
The teacher asked for a rough count of the students on the trip.
老師粗略統計了參加旅行的學生人數。
- approximate
more formal; often used for numbers and calculations
- estimated
specifically about a calculated guess of amount or time
- general
broader; describes a wide overview without specific details
用法筆記
Frequently appears in fixed phrases like 'rough estimate', 'rough idea', 'rough draft', and 'rough guess'. Almost always used before a noun in this sense.
常見錯誤
5. If a wine or another strong alcoholic drink tastes rough, it is cheap, sharp, an
澀劣的
廉價且口感差的（酒）
If a wine or another strong alcoholic drink tastes rough, it is cheap, sharp, and unpleasant on your tongue.
The only drink at the party was a sour, rough red wine that tasted cheap.
派對上唯一能喝的是一瓶又酸又廉價的澀口紅酒。
collocation: rough wine / rough cider / rough whisky
Rafael tried some rough cider and made a face at its strong taste.
Rafael 嚐了一些廉價的蘋果酒，因其強烈的味道而皺起眉頭。
Jude bought a cheap bottle of rough whisky for the camping trip.
Jude 為露營旅行買了一瓶廉價的劣質威士忌。
The rough house wine at the small cafe gave Dewi a headache the next morning.
那小咖啡館的廉價招牌酒讓 Dewi 第二天早上頭痛不已。
用法筆記
Almost always describes alcoholic drinks, especially wine, cider, or whisky. Rarely used for food or non-alcoholic drinks.
6. made or built in a simple way without careful finishing, using basic materials a
簡陋的
做工簡單、不精緻的
made or built in a simple way without careful finishing, using basic materials and little attention to detail.
Christopher's rough coat was made of thick cheap material that kept him warm.
Christopher 那件做工粗糙的外套是用廉價的厚布料做的，能保暖但不好看。
The children slept on rough wooden beds in the old mountain cabin.
孩子們睡在山間舊小屋裡那些簡陋的木床上。
collocation: rough wooden [furniture, shelter, bed]
The artist's early works were rough sketches on any paper she could find.
那位藝術家的早期作品都是簡單的草圖，畫在隨手找到的紙上。
Amelia's family lived in a rough shelter built from old wood and metal.
Amelia 一家住在用舊木頭和金屬板搭建的簡陋棚屋裡。
- basic
describes something simple with no extra features
- crude
more negative; suggests something is poorly or roughly made
- unfinished
describes something that has not been fully completed or polished
用法筆記
Describes objects that are made simply and without effort to improve the appearance. Not the same as 'broken' or 'damaged' — the thing still works, it just does not look well finished.
7. (of a voice or a sound) harsh, loud, and not pleasant to listen to.
刺耳
聲音尖銳難聽的
(of a voice or a sound) harsh, loud, and not pleasant to listen to.
Mira's voice sounded rough after she shouted all afternoon at the match.
Mira 在比賽中喊了一整個下午，聲音都變得刺耳了。
sound/look/feel + rough for sensory quality
The rough noise from the broken speaker made it hard to hear the news.
破掉的喇叭發出的刺耳噪音讓人聽不清楚新聞內容。
Christopher tried to soften his rough tone when speaking to the young child.
Christopher 試著在跟小孩說話時放軟他那刺耳的語氣。
A rough scraping sound came from behind the wall late at night.
深夜時，牆壁後面傳來一陣刺耳的刮擦聲。
- smooth
of a voice / sound — even, steady, and pleasant to hear
常見錯誤
8. (of an engine or machine) making uneven, unpleasant noises because something is
運轉不順
機器運轉發出異音的
(of an engine or machine) making uneven, unpleasant noises because something is broken or needs care.
Nora knew the car engine was rough because it shook and made a loud knocking sound.
Nora 知道車子的引擎運轉不順，因為它會震動還發出很大的敲擊聲。
rough engine / rough motor — describing machinery in poor condition
The washing machine sounded rough, so Sahil called a repairman the next morning.
洗衣機運轉的聲音聽起來不順暢，所以 Sahil 隔天早上就找了師傅來修。
A rough sound from the old fan meant it was time to buy a new one.
老舊電風扇發出運轉不順的聲音，代表該買台新的了。
The boat's motor felt rough after the long trip across the lake.
這艘船的馬達在湖上長途航行後，運轉起來感覺很不順。
- smooth
of an engine — running evenly and quietly without problems
用法筆記
This sense is restricted to machines and engines. To describe a voice or a general unpleasant sound, use sense 7 (SOUND) instead.
常見錯誤
9. involving violence, danger, or crime; describing a place or situation where peop
凶險的
充滿暴力或犯罪的
involving violence, danger, or crime; describing a place or situation where people may get hurt or treated badly.
Hoa was warned not to walk alone at night in that rough part of town.
有人警告 Hoa 晚上不要單獨走在鎮上那個凶險的區域。
rough + area / neighbourhood / part of town — describing a dangerous place
Aoi got into a rough fight outside the club and ended up with a black eye.
Aoi 在俱樂部外面打了一場凶狠的架，結果眼睛被打得瘀青。
Life was rough for the street children, who had no one to protect them.
街頭兒童的生活很凶險，他們沒有人可以保護。
The prison was known as a rough place where new inmates had to be very careful.
那所監獄以凶險著稱，新囚犯在那裡必須非常小心。
- safe
free from danger, violence, or crime
用法筆記
While this sense often describes places (rough neighbourhood) or situations (rough fight), it can also describe people: a rough crowd means a group likely to cause trouble.
常見錯誤
10. (of the weather, water conditions, or a sea journey) marked by very strong winds
風浪大的
天氣或海面惡劣的
(of the weather, water conditions, or a sea journey) marked by very strong winds, high waves, and dangerous movement that makes travel risky.
The fishing boats stayed in the harbour because the sea was too rough.
因為海面風浪太大，漁船都留在港內沒有出航。
the sea / the water / the waves + is/are rough — weather/sea conditions
Élise felt sick when the ocean became rough during the ferry ride.
Élise 在渡輪上因為海面風浪變大而感到很不舒服。
Rough weather forced the airport to close for several hours on Tuesday.
惡劣的天氣迫使機場在星期二關閉了數小時。
The sailors prepared for a rough night as the wind grew stronger after sunset.
日落後風勢增強，船員們準備迎接一個風浪大的夜晚。
- calm
of weather or the sea — quiet, with light winds and smooth water
用法筆記
Distinguish from sense 9 (VIOLENT): rough weather is not morally violent — it is physically wild and dangerous. A rough sea has big waves; a rough neighbourhood has crime.
常見錯誤
11. full of difficulty, problems, or unpleasant experiences — used about a period of
艱難的
充滿困難或不愉快的
full of difficulty, problems, or unpleasant experiences — used about a period of time or a situation.
Cyrus had a rough time at work after his manager left the company suddenly.
Cyrus 的主管突然離職後，他在工作上經歷了一段艱難的時期。
have a rough time / have a rough day — common fixed phrases
The family next door went through a rough period when the father lost his job.
隔壁那戶人家在爸爸失業後，度過了一段艱難的日子。
It was a rough year for small shops in the town centre after the new mall opened.
新的購物中心開幕後，市中心的小店鋪度過了艱難的一年。
Kwame found it rough to adjust to a new school in a different country.
Kwame 發現在一個陌生的國家適應新學校非常艱難。
- easy
not difficult or unpleasant; smooth and comfortable
用法筆記
This sense is always about a period, situation, or experience — not about a task or object being difficult to do. You have a rough day, but you do not have rough homework.
常見錯誤
12. not feeling well; slightly ill or unwell — used after verbs such as feel, look,
不舒服
身體微恙不適的
not feeling well; slightly ill or unwell — used after verbs such as feel, look, or sound.
David felt rough after eating something that had gone bad in the fridge.
David 吃了冰箱裡壞掉的食物後，感覺身體很不舒服。
feel rough — informal British expression for feeling unwell
The teacher looked rough and said she would go home to rest for the day.
那位老師看起來很不舒服，說她今天要回家休息。
Kemi sounded rough on the phone, so her friend offered to bring her soup.
Kemi 在電話裡聽起來很不舒服，她的朋友便主動說要帶湯給她。
The child looked rough this morning, so the nurse took her temperature straight away.
那個孩子今天早上看起來很不舒服，護士馬上幫她量了體溫。
- fine
feeling well and healthy
用法筆記
Frequently used with linking verbs (feel, look, sound, seem). Cannot be placed before a noun (you cannot say a rough person to mean a sick person). This usage is British and informal; in American English, rough is not commonly used for illness.
常見錯誤
rough — 副詞
1. in a way that uses physical force, not gently or carefully — for example, childr
粗暴地
用暴力或粗野的方式
in a way that uses physical force, not gently or carefully — for example, children playing too roughly with each other, or someone handling an object without care.
The older boys were playing rough in the park and accidentally hurt a toddler.
那些大孩子在公園裡玩得很粗暴，不小心弄傷了一個幼童。
play rough — informal collocation
Hiro's coach told the team they were training too rough and needed to slow down.
Hiro 的教練告訴隊員們，他們訓練得太粗暴，需要慢下來。
Marta warned the movers not to handle her grandmother's antique cabinet rough.
Marta 警告搬家工人不要粗手粗腳地搬她祖母的古董櫃。
It was clear the players were treating each other too rough during warm-up.
很明顯，球員們在熱身時對彼此太粗魯了。
- roughly
the standard adverb form; 'rough' is only used in informal fixed phrases
- violently
stronger connotation of causing harm; more formal than 'rough'
- forcefully
neutral register; broader meaning including non-physical force
文法句型
play rough
handle [sth] rough
treat [sb] rough
用法筆記
Frequently occurs in fixed informal collocations such as 'play rough', 'handle [something] rough', and 'treat [someone] rough'. This adverbial use is not used in formal writing — use 'roughly' instead.
常見錯誤
2. living or sleeping outdoors without basic comforts such as a bed, shelter, or ru
克難地
在戶外沒有基本設備地生活或睡覺
living or sleeping outdoors without basic comforts such as a bed, shelter, or running water — often used to describe people who have no home or are camping in a very basic way.
After losing his job, Tunde had nowhere to go and slept rough for three months.
Tunde 失業後無處可去，在街頭克難地睡了三個月。
sleep rough — collocation for living homeless
The charity provides hot meals for people who sleep rough during the cold winter.
這間慈善機構為寒冬中克難露宿的人們提供熱食。
Apinya's grandfather once lived rough for a year while travelling through Southeast Asia.
Apinya 的祖父曾經在東南亞旅行時克難地住了一年。
Owen could not believe his cousin chose to live rough in a tent all summer.
Owen 不敢相信他的表哥選擇整個夏天克難地住在帳篷裡。
文法句型
sleep rough
live rough
用法筆記
Used primarily with the verbs 'sleep' and 'live' in the fixed phrases 'sleep rough' and 'live rough'. The subject is typically a person who lacks housing or chooses to live without modern amenities.