roughest
roughest — 動詞
- roughestpresent simple I / you / we / they
- roughests3rd person singular
- roughesting-ing form
- roughestedpast simple
1. To live without modern comforts or conveniences, usually for a short time — for
過簡樸生活
暫時在簡陋條件下生活
To live without modern comforts or conveniences, usually for a short time — for example, while camping, travelling on a tight budget, or during a building renovation.
Rachid and his friends roughed it for a week during their hiking trip in the mountains.
Rachid 和朋友們在山區徒步旅行時，過了一週簡樸生活。
rough it + for + duration
When the power went out, the family had to rough it by candlelight for three days.
停電時，這家人只能在燭光下將就了三天。
rough it + by + means
Lien decided to rough it in a simple tent instead of staying at a hotel.
Lien 決定住簡陋帳篷，不去住旅館。
The explorers roughed it in basic huts with no running water.
探險者在沒有自來水的基本小屋裡將就過活。
Wren did not mind roughing it for the weekend, as long as the weather stayed warm.
Wren 並不介意週末簡樸度過，只要天氣暖和就好。
- camp
more specific — implies sleeping outdoors in a tent rather than any simple living situation
- live simply
less informal and broader — does not carry the same temporary or uncomfortable feeling
- live in comfort
opposite meaning — having modern amenities and luxury
文法句型
rough + it
用法筆記
The pronoun 'it' is always required after 'rough' in this sense — it is a fixed expression and cannot be replaced with a different object.
常見錯誤
2. To create a simple, not-yet-finished version of something such as a drawing, a p
草擬；勾勒
粗略製作或勾勒雛形
To create a simple, not-yet-finished version of something such as a drawing, a plan, or a piece of writing, showing only the main features.
Felipe roughed out a sketch of the new building's front entrance.
Felipe 草擬了一張新建築正門的草圖。
rough out + sketch of [thing]
The designer roughed in the basic shapes before adding fine details.
設計師先勾勒出基本形狀，再添加精細細節。
rough in + basic shapes
Emre roughed out a quick plan for the weekend project.
Emre 為週末的專案草擬了一個簡單計畫。
Gita roughed in the outline of the landscape on her canvas.
Gita 在她的畫布上勾勒出風景的輪廓。
Nicholas roughed out the first chapter of his novel in a single afternoon.
Nicholas 用一個下午草擬了小說的第一章。
文法句型
rough + out/in + object
用法筆記
Often used with the particles 'out' or 'in' — 'rough out' focuses on creating the overall structure, while 'rough in' is about placing basic elements in their approximate positions.
常見錯誤
roughest — 名詞
- roughestsingular
- roughestsplural
1. A simple, quick drawing that captures the main idea of something, done before th
草圖
初步的快速繪畫
A simple, quick drawing that captures the main idea of something, done before the more detailed final version.
Léa showed her manager a rough of the new logo design.
Léa 向她的主管展示了一張新標誌設計的草圖。
a rough of [something] — noun use for a sketch
The designer pinned a rough of the dress pattern onto the wall.
設計師把一件服裝樣式的草圖用大頭針釘在牆上。
Before starting the real painting, the artist drew a quick rough in pencil.
在開始真正的畫作之前，那位藝術家用鉛筆畫了一張快速的草圖。
Reuben showed his rough to the client before adding any colour.
Reuben 在加上任何顏色之前，先把他的草圖拿給客戶看。
- final version
the finished, detailed product after revisions
- finished piece
the completed artwork
文法句型
a rough
rough of [something]
用法筆記
Often used with verbs like 'draw', 'make', or 'show'. The phrasal verb 'rough out' has a related meaning — for example, 'Reuben roughed out the design in ten minutes.'
常見錯誤
2. An incomplete or early version of writing or a plan that is not yet in its final
草稿；雛形
書寫或計畫的初稿
An incomplete or early version of writing or a plan that is not yet in its final, exact form.
Sofia wrote her speech in rough before typing the final version.
Sofia 先打了演講稿的草稿，然後才打出最終版本。
phrase: 'in rough' — the basic/preliminary form
The team looked at the new design in rough at the morning meeting.
團隊在早上的會議中看了新設計的初步版本。
Trang prefers to write her ideas in rough before sharing them.
Trang 習慣先寫下想法的草稿，再與他人討論。
The teacher asked the class to write their answers in rough first.
老師要求全班先寫出答案的草稿。
- draft form
more formal; 'rough' feels more conversational
- outline
focuses on structure; 'rough' is more about unfinished quality
- first version
clear but longer
- final copy
the complete, polished version
- finished work
the end result
文法句型
in rough
in the rough
用法筆記
Almost always appears in the fixed phrase 'in rough' or 'in the rough'. Unlike sense 1 (SKETCH), this sense does not refer to a physical drawing — it describes a stage of work, especially for writing.
常見錯誤
3. A person who behaves in a threatening or violent way, often as part of a group t
暴徒
暴力行為的人（常為複數）
A person who behaves in a threatening or violent way, often as part of a group that causes trouble in public.
A group of roughs gathered outside the stadium after the match.
比賽結束後，一群暴徒聚集在體育館外面。
usually plural: 'roughs' — a group of violent people
The shop owner asked the roughs to stop blocking the entrance.
店家老闆要求那群暴徒不要擋住入口。
The old port town was known for attracting roughs and sailors.
這個老港口城鎮向來吸引暴徒和水手。
Walid told the roughs to leave the café before the police arrived.
Walid 在警察抵達之前要求那些暴徒離開咖啡廳。
文法句型
the roughs
a group of roughs
用法筆記
Tends to appear in older or literary British English texts. Today 'thug' or 'gang member' is more common. Almost always used in the plural form 'roughs'.
常見錯誤
4. The area of longer grass, plants, and uneven ground on a golf course that border
長草區
高爾夫球場的長草區域
The area of longer grass, plants, and uneven ground on a golf course that borders the short fairway, making the ball harder to hit.
Ayana hit her golf ball into the rough on the seventh hole.
Ayana 在第七洞把高爾夫球打進了長草區。
phrase: 'into the rough' — hitting the ball off the fairway
The rough on this course is full of tall grass and small bushes.
這個球場的長草區長滿了高高的雜草和小灌木。
Finding the ball in the deep rough cost Trang extra shots.
在厚厚的長草區裡找球讓 Trang 多打了幾桿。
The rough along the fairway was thicker after the autumn rain.
秋天雨後，球道兩旁的長草區變得更密了。
- long grass
a simple description rather than the golf term
- high grass
focuses on the height of the grass
文法句型
the rough
into the rough
in the rough
用法筆記
The opposite of the rough is the 'fairway', where the grass is cut short and the ball is easier to play. 'Deep rough' refers to the thickest, most difficult parts of the rough.
roughest — 形容詞
- roughestpositive
- more roughestcomparative
- most roughestsuperlative
1. having a surface that is not flat or smooth, with bumps, ridges, or an uneven te
粗糙的
表面不平滑的
having a surface that is not flat or smooth, with bumps, ridges, or an uneven texture that you can see or feel when you move across it
The old stone walls of the castle felt rough against Hugo's fingers.
那座古堡的石牆摸起來很粗糙，Hugo 的手指能感覺到凹凸不平。
Hassan stopped cycling because the rough trail was too bumpy for his tyres.
Hassan 不再騎車了，因為那條崎嶇的小路對他的輪胎來說太顛簸。
collocation: rough trail / rough road
Linh painted the roughest section of the wall with a thick layer of plaster.
Linh 在牆上最粗糙的地方塗了厚厚一層灰泥。
A rough wooden table stood in the corner of the farm kitchen.
一張粗糙的木桌放在農舍廚房的角落。
In the cave the roughest rocks had been worn smooth by water over many years.
在洞穴裡，最粗糙的岩石經過多年水流沖刷已變得光滑。
2. having a texture that is not soft against your fingers or body, so the surface f
粗澀的
觸感不光滑的
having a texture that is not soft against your fingers or body, so the surface feels scratchy, dry, or hard rather than pleasant, for example on skin, fabric, or paper
After gardening all day, Salma's hands felt dry and rough.
在花園工作了一整天後，Salma 的手變得又乾又粗澀。
describing skin texture: feel + rough
The paper was so rough that the pencil tore tiny holes in it.
那張紙太粗澀了，鉛筆在上面戳出了一個個小洞。
Beatrix used a rough towel to dry her hair after swimming.
Beatrix 用一條粗澀的毛巾擦乾游泳後的頭髮。
Eitan's skin became rough from working outside in the cold winter wind.
Eitan 因長期在寒冷的冬風中戶外工作，皮膚變得粗澀。
The rough fabric of the old curtains scratched Henrik's arms when he touched them.
那條舊窗簾的粗澀布料碰到 Henrik 的手臂時讓他覺得癢癢的。
3. land that has not been cared for or levelled, with an uneven surface and many wi
崎嶇的
未經整修的荒地
land that has not been cared for or levelled, with an uneven surface and many wild plants growing on it
The children played football on the rough ground behind the school building.
孩子們在學校後面那塊崎嶇的荒地上踢足球。
collocation: rough ground
We walked across a patch of rough ground covered in tall grass and wild flowers.
我們走過一片崎嶇的荒地，上面長滿了高高的野草和野花。
Building on rough ground is expensive because you have to level it first.
在崎嶇的荒地上蓋房子很花錢，因為得先把地整平。
Reema's garden started as rough ground full of thorns and old metal.
Reema 的花園原本是一塊到處都是荊棘和廢鐵的崎嶇荒地。
- uneven terrain
more formal; describes the physical condition of the land
- wilderness
emphasises that the land is natural and not managed by people
- scrubland
more specific; land with low bushes and poor soil
用法筆記
Commonly used as a noun phrase: 'rough ground' describes a specific type of land, often on the edges of towns or farms.
4. not exact, complete, or detailed; giving only a general idea of something, such
粗略的
不精確或不詳細的
not exact, complete, or detailed; giving only a general idea of something, such as a number, time, or plan, often as a first step before a final version
The builder gave Lucía a rough estimate of two thousand dollars for the repairs.
承包商給了 Lucía 一個粗略的估計，維修費大約兩千美元。
collocation: rough estimate
Hugo drew a rough map of the area so the delivery driver could find the house.
Hugo 粗略地畫了一張該區域的地圖，好讓送貨司機能找到那棟房子。
Here is a rough plan of how the new office might be arranged.
這是新辦公室可能如何配置的粗略規劃。
Can you give me a rough idea of how long the repair will take?
你能大致告訴我維修需要多長時間嗎？
Sven wrote a rough draft of his speech and then polished it the next day.
Sven 先寫了一份演講稿的草稿，第二天再加以潤飾。
- approximate
more formal; used mainly for numbers and measurements
- preliminary
describes something done as a first step before the final version
- basic
emphasises simplicity rather than lack of exactness
用法筆記
Very common in set phrases such as 'rough estimate', 'rough idea', 'rough draft', and 'rough plan'. These all signal that the information is still incomplete or not final.
常見錯誤
5. having a strong, sharp, and unpleasant taste, especially describing inexpensive
嗆烈的
廉價且嗆口的酒
having a strong, sharp, and unpleasant taste, especially describing inexpensive wine or other alcoholic drinks that are not smooth or refined
Hassan tried the cheap red wine but found it too rough for his taste.
Hassan 嚐了一口那瓶廉價的紅酒，覺得太嗆烈了，不合他的口味。
describing wine: rough wine / too rough for one's taste
The rough cider left an unpleasant burning feeling in Reema's throat.
那種嗆烈的蘋果酒讓 Reema 喉嚨裡留下一股不舒服的灼熱感。
They served a rough local drink that Sumin could barely swallow.
他們端上一種嗆烈的當地酒，Sumin 幾乎吞不下去。
This is a rough table wine, nothing special, but it is cheap and works for cooking.
這只是一款嗆烈的佐餐酒，沒什麼特別，但便宜且適合做菜用。
- smooth
describes a drink that tastes pleasant and goes down easily
用法筆記
Mainly used to describe alcoholic drinks that are inexpensive and lack a smooth, refined flavour. Not used for soft drinks or water.
6. not made or done with much skill, care, or attention to detail; simple and basic
粗製的
未經細心製作的
not made or done with much skill, care, or attention to detail; simple and basic in style or workmanship, often with an unfinished or unpolished appearance
The furniture in the cabin was rough and simple, made from untreated wood.
小屋裡的家具既粗製又簡單，是用未經處理的木頭做成的。
describing handmade objects: rough and simple
Eric's first pottery pieces were rough but showed a lot of promise.
Eric 最早做的陶器雖然粗製，但已經展現出相當的潛力。
The rough wooden shelter kept the hikers dry during the storm.
那座粗製的木造避難所讓登山者在暴風雨中保持了乾燥。
It was a rough hand-made table with nails sticking out of the sides.
那是一張粗製的手工桌子，釘子還從側面露了出來。
The children built a rough camp from old boards and sheets of plastic.
孩子們用舊木板和塑膠布搭了一個粗製的營地。
- crude
emphasises lack of skill or sophistication; can sound negative
- basic
neutral; describes something simple without extra features
- unfinished
focuses on the incomplete state rather than the style
用法筆記
Often describes handmade objects, early creative attempts, or simple living conditions. Tends to carry a neutral or slightly positive tone when describing something as honest or basic rather than over-refined.
7. describes a voice or sound that is hard, loud, and not pleasant to listen to — f
粗啞的
聲音刺耳難聽
describes a voice or sound that is hard, loud, and not pleasant to listen to — for example, a singer's voice after a long performance, or an old radio with poor sound quality.
Yael's voice sounded rough after she sang at the concert for three hours.
Yael 在演唱會唱了三小時後，聲音變得粗啞。
sound + rough (predicative)
The old radio produced a rough, crackling sound that hurt Hao's ears.
那台舊收音機發出粗啞的噼啪聲，讓 Hao 的耳朵很不舒服。
rough + noun (attributive with adjective pair)
Anong heard a rough knock at her door just after midnight.
Anong 在午夜剛過時聽到一陣粗啞的敲門聲。
Joaquín's cough was rough and dry, so his mother took him to the clinic.
Joaquín 的咳嗽聲粗啞乾澀，他媽媽趕緊帶他去診所。
A rough cheer rose from the crowd when the injured player stood up.
受傷的球員站起來時，群眾發出一陣粗啞的歡呼聲。
文法句型
rough + noun (voice, sound)
be / sound / look + rough
8. describes a machine, engine, or motor that makes unpleasant noises because it is
運轉不順
機器故障發出雜音
describes a machine, engine, or motor that makes unpleasant noises because it is not working properly or needs repair.
The washing machine sounds rough when it spins, so Henrik called a repair person.
洗衣機在脫水時運轉不順，發出怪聲，於是 Henrik 叫了維修師傅。
machine + sounds rough (predicative)
Megan's car engine started to run rough after she drove it across the desert.
Megan 的車引擎在穿越沙漠後開始運轉不順。
engine + run rough (predicative)
The old fan made a rough scraping noise every time Nia turned it on.
那台舊電扇每次 Nia 打開時都會發出粗啞的摩擦聲。
Felix heard a rough sound from the printer and turned it off immediately.
Felix 聽到印表機發出運轉不順的聲音，立刻關掉電源。
- smooth
running evenly and quietly
文法句型
machine / engine / motor + sound / run + rough
用法筆記
Usually describes the sound or operation of a machine, not the machine's appearance. The most common verb patterns are 'sounds rough' and 'runs rough'.
常見錯誤
9. describes a person, place, or activity that involves or is likely to cause physi
粗暴的
涉及暴力或危險行為
describes a person, place, or activity that involves or is likely to cause physical harm, violence, or aggressive behaviour.
The roughest area of the city was known for frequent fights late at night.
城裡最粗暴的區域以深夜經常發生鬥毆而聞名。
rough + place (area, neighbourhood)
Imran told the children to stay away from the rough boys near the playground.
Imran 叫孩子們離遊樂場附近那些粗暴的男孩遠一點。
rough + person (boys, crowd)
Rugby can be a rough sport, but players wear protective gear during matches.
橄欖球是一項粗暴的運動，但選手在比賽中會穿戴護具。
The crowd grew rough after the football game, pushing and shouting at each other.
足球賽結束後，群眾變得粗暴起來，互相推擠叫罵。
Ritu's father warned her that the rough crowd downtown was not safe after dark.
Ritu 的父親警告她，市區那群粗暴的人天黑後不安全。
文法句型
rough + noun (area, person, sport)
be / get + rough
常見錯誤
10. describes the weather or sea when there are strong winds, big waves, or a danger
狂暴的
形容風浪大天氣惡劣
describes the weather or sea when there are strong winds, big waves, or a dangerous storm that makes travel or outdoor activity risky.
The rough sea tossed the small fishing boat like a toy in the wind.
狂暴的海浪像玩具一樣翻弄著那艘小漁船。
rough + sea (attributive)
Zayd refused to go sailing in such rough weather with waves over three metres high.
Zayd 拒絕在風浪超過三公尺的狂暴天氣中出海航行。
rough + weather (attributive)
The rough storm damaged several houses along the coast of southern Japan.
那場狂暴的暴風雨摧毀了日本南部沿海的數棟房屋。
Nellie stared at the rough ocean from the safety of the harbour wall.
Nellie 從安全的港口堤岸上注視著狂暴的大海。
The sea was so rough that all the ferries were cancelled until Tuesday morning.
海面實在太狂暴了，所有渡輪都取消直到星期二早上。
文法句型
rough + noun (sea, weather, storm, wind)
be + rough
11. describes a period of time or experience that is full of problems, hardship, or
艱難的
生活處境困難不好過
describes a period of time or experience that is full of problems, hardship, or emotional difficulty — for example, a year when a family loses income, or a day when everything goes wrong.
The company went through a rough year, losing money and laying off half its staff.
那家公司經歷了艱難的一年，虧損連連並裁掉了一半員工。
rough + time period (year, month, week)
Hao had a rough time finding an apartment in a city with very high rents.
Hao 在房租高昂的城市裡找公寓，度過了一段艱難的時光。
have a rough time + verb-ing
The divorce was rough on the whole family, especially the two young children.
離婚對整個家庭來說都很艱難，尤其是兩個年幼的孩子。
Though Yael's first year of teaching was rough, she never gave up.
Yael 教書的第一年雖然很艱難，但她從未放棄。
Megan had a rough day at work after her computer broke down.
Megan 那天工作很艱難，因為她的電腦當機了。
文法句型
rough + noun (time, year, day, period)
be rough on + person
have a rough + noun
常見錯誤
12. describes a person who is not feeling well physically, usually because of illnes
不舒服的
身體不適、生病
describes a person who is not feeling well physically, usually because of illness, tiredness, or the effects of something they ate or drank.
Megan felt rough after eating the seafood, so she went to bed early.
Megan 吃完海鮮後覺得不舒服，於是早早去睡了。
feel + rough (informal British usage)
Henrik looked rough the morning after the long flight from Tokyo to London.
Henrik 從東京飛回倫敦的長途航班後，隔天早上看起來很不舒服。
look + rough (informal)
Ritu told her boss she felt too rough to come into the office that day.
Ritu 告訴老闆她太不舒服了，那天無法進辦公室。
After the marathon, Felix felt rough and needed water and a long rest.
跑完馬拉松後，Felix 覺得很不舒服，需要喝水並好好休息。
文法句型
feel + rough
look + rough
用法筆記
Used mainly in informal British English, most often with the verbs 'feel' or 'look'. It is not used in formal medical contexts.
常見錯誤
roughest — 副詞
1. in a way that involves more physical force or violence than any other person or
最猛烈地
以最暴力或最激烈的方式
in a way that involves more physical force or violence than any other person or thing; in the most forceful or violent manner possible
Of all the players on the field, Luca tackled roughest during the second half.
在所有場上的球員中，Luca 在下半場搶球搶得最猛烈。
superlative adverb with 'of all the...' comparison
The wind blew roughest on the mountain that night, shaking every tent.
那晚山上風吹得最猛烈，每個帳篷都被搖晃了。
The two teams fought roughest near the old bridge, damaging its stone sides.
兩支隊伍在那座舊橋附近打得最激烈，損壞了橋的石牆。
Bao's older brother was treated roughest by the other children at school.
Bao 的哥哥在學校裡被其他孩子欺負得最慘。
The waves crashed roughest along the rocky shore after the hurricane passed.
颶風過後，海浪在岩石海岸拍打得最猛烈。
- most violently
emphasizes destructive force or harm
- most forcefully
focuses on physical power and strength
- harshest
can apply to treatment, weather, or conditions beyond physical force
用法筆記
Frequently pairs with action verbs such as 'play', 'fight', 'treat', or 'blow' to indicate the highest degree of physical force or violence.