rougher
rougher — 動詞
- rougherpresent simple I / you / we / they
- roughers3rd person singular
- roughering-ing form
- rougheredpast simple
1. to live without usual comforts such as electricity, running water, or a proper b
過簡樸生活
在缺乏舒適設備的環境下生活
to live without usual comforts such as electricity, running water, or a proper bed, especially while travelling or camping
Esme and her brother roughed it in a tent by the lake for two weeks.
Esme 和她的哥哥在湖邊的帳篷裡簡樸地住了兩個星期。
fixed phrase: rough it — 'it' always required
After the water heater broke, the family roughed it with cold showers for three days.
熱水器壞掉後，全家人只好洗冷水澡，將就著過了三天。
Joon roughed it in a camper van across New Zealand instead of staying in hotels.
Joon 不住旅館，而是開露營車簡樸地遊遍紐西蘭。
The soldiers roughed it in the forest with no tents or warm blankets during training.
士兵們在訓練期間沒有帳篷也沒有保暖毛毯，在森林裡過著簡樸的生活。
Nora's grandparents roughed it in a tiny room with no furniture after the move.
Nora 的祖父母搬到城市後，擠在一間沒有家具的小房間裡過簡樸的生活。
文法句型
rough + it
用法筆記
Always used with the fixed object 'it'. There is no version of this sense without the word 'it'.
常見錯誤
2. to create a basic, unfinished version of a drawing, plan, or piece of writing, w
草擬；勾勒
初步畫出或寫出大要
to create a basic, unfinished version of a drawing, plan, or piece of writing, without including details yet
The architect roughed out the shape of the building on a napkin during lunch.
建築師在午餐時於餐巾紙上勾勒出建築物的形狀。
collocation: rough out + shape / plan / drawing
Gabriel roughed in the main characters for his comic before adding any colour.
Gabriel 在添加顏色之前先粗略畫出了漫畫主要角色的輪廓。
Before writing the full report, Quan roughed out the key points on a whiteboard.
Quan 在寫完整報告之前，先在白板上草擬了重點大綱。
The sculptor roughed out the human figure from a block of clay in two hours.
雕塑家在兩個小時內就用一塊黏土粗略塑出了人形。
Imran roughed in a garden design outline on a piece of scrap paper.
Imran 在一張廢紙上勾勒出花園設計的草圖。
- refine
means to add detail and improve precision
文法句型
rough out + noun phrase
rough in + noun phrase
用法筆記
The object can appear between the verb and the particle for short noun phrases: 'rough a plan out' is acceptable, but 'rough out a detailed garden design' is more natural.
常見錯誤
rougher — 名詞
- roughersingular
- roughersplural
1. a simple drawing made quickly that shows the main features of something, usually
草圖；草稿
快速繪製的初步圖畫
a simple drawing made quickly that shows the main features of something, usually done before the final version
The designer showed Mei-Lin a rougher of the new kitchen before finalizing the plans.
設計師向美琳展示了新廚房配置的草圖，然後才完成最終設計圖。
countable noun: a rougher of [something]
James drew several roughs of the building entrance to compare different window arrangements.
James 畫了好幾張建築物入口的草圖，用來比較不同的窗戶安排方式。
Before the oil painting, the artist made a rougher on paper to plan the composition.
在開始油畫創作之前，藝術家在紙上快速畫了一幅草稿來規劃構圖。
The students handed in their roughs for early feedback before the final submission.
學生們將草圖交給老師，在最終繳交前獲得初期回饋意見。
用法筆記
Countable; often appears in art and design contexts. The plural form is roughs.
2. an early simple version of a piece of writing, plan, or idea that is not yet com
草案；概要
尚未完成的初步版本
an early simple version of a piece of writing, plan, or idea that is not yet complete or detailed
Priya wrote a rougher of her speech and revised it several times before the conference.
Priya 先寫了演講稿的初稿，在會議前修改了好幾次。
write a rougher of [document]
The committee reviewed a rougher of the new budget before making any final decisions.
委員會先審查了新預算的草案，然後才做出最終決定。
review a rougher — common collocation in meetings
Haruto sent a rougher of the agreement to his lawyer for an initial check.
Haruto 把協議書的初稿寄給律師，請他先初步審閱。
The team's rougher of the marketing plan listed the three main goals for the year.
團隊的行銷計畫草案列出了當年度三個主要目標。
用法筆記
Countable. Typically followed by 'of' to specify what the rougher relates to. Often used in business and academic settings.
3. a person who behaves in a violent or aggressive way, often causing trouble in pu
暴徒；惡棍
行為粗暴兇悍的人
a person who behaves in a violent or aggressive way, often causing trouble in public places
The bar owner asked the rougher to leave after he started shouting at other customers.
酒吧老闆請那名暴徒離開，因為他開始對其他顧客大吼大叫。
countable noun referring to a person who is violent
A group of roughs gathered near the stadium after the match, looking for trouble.
比賽結束後，一群惡棍聚集在體育場附近，四處尋找惹事的機會。
plural form common when referring to a group
The security guard was trained to deal with roughs calmly and without using force.
那位保全受過訓練，能夠冷靜且不動手地應對粗暴分子。
Local shopkeepers complained about the roughs who hung around the street corner at night.
當地店家投訴那些夜間在街角遊蕩的粗暴分子。
用法筆記
Often appears in plural (roughs) when referring to a group. Less common in modern everyday speech; may sound dated or literary.
4. an area of long grass and rough ground on a golf course, outside the short caref
長草區
高爾夫球場上的長草地帶
an area of long grass and rough ground on a golf course, outside the short carefully-maintained fairway
Amara's ball landed in the rougher, making her next shot much more difficult.
Amara 的球掉進了長草區，讓她的下一桿變得困難許多。
in the rougher — fixed phrase for golf terrain
The golfer spent several minutes searching for his ball in the deep rougher.
那名高爾夫球手花了幾分鐘在深草區尋找他的球。
Beginners often find their balls in the rougher because their shots are not very accurate.
初學者因為擊球不準確，常常把球打進長草區。
After rain the rougher on the seventh hole was thick and hard to play from.
雨後，第七洞的長草區特別茂密，很難從那裡擊球。
The caddie warned Diego to avoid the rougher on the right side of the fairway.
球童提醒 Diego 要避開球道右側的長草區。
- rough
the standard term in golf; 'rougher' is a less common variant
- fairway
the area of short grass on a golf course, opposite to the rougher
用法筆記
Uncountable; always used with 'the' (the rougher). This is a golf-specific term. On a golf course, the fairway is the short grass where players aim to hit the ball, and the rougher is the longer grass bordering it.
rougher — 形容詞
- rougherpositive
- rougherercomparative
- rougherestsuperlative
1. describes a surface that is not flat or level, showing an uneven texture because
不平的
表面高低不平、不光滑的
describes a surface that is not flat or level, showing an uneven texture because of wear, damage, or age
The old stone road was so rough that Diego's bicycle shook with every bump.
那條舊的石頭路非常不平，Diego 的腳踏車每壓過一個坑洞就震一下。
collocation: rough road / rough surface
William ran his hand over the rough wall where the plaster had fallen off.
William 用手摸了一下那面不平的牆壁，上面的灰泥已經剝落了。
The wooden table felt rough after years of use and exposure to rain.
那張木桌經過多年的使用和日曬雨淋之後，表面變得凹凸不平。
Soraya replaced the rough cutting board because it was hard to clean properly.
Soraya 換掉了那塊凹凸不平的砧板，因為實在太難洗乾淨了。
文法句型
rough + noun
be + rough
用法筆記
Frequently used with nouns describing roads, walls, floors, and other flat surfaces. Distinguished from sense 2 (ROUGH TO TOUCH) by focusing on visible unevenness rather than tactile texture.
常見錯誤
2. describes a surface or material that feels coarse and uneven against your skin,
粗糙的
觸感不細緻、不滑順的
describes a surface or material that feels coarse and uneven against your skin, such as dry hands or unprocessed paper
Vivek's hands became rough after working in the garden without gloves.
Vivek 沒戴手套在花園裡工作了一整天，雙手變得非常粗糙。
collocation: rough hands / rough skin
The rough fabric of the old sofa left red marks on Hiro's legs.
那張舊沙發的粗糙布料在 Hiro 的腿上留下了紅印。
Alessia complained about the rough texture of the handmade paper for the art project.
Alessia 抱怨那張手工紙的質感太粗糙，不適合她的美術作品。
Every winter, Noa's elbows became so rough that the skin started to crack.
每年冬天，Noa 的手肘都會變得非常粗糙，皮膚甚至開始龜裂。
文法句型
rough + noun
feel + rough
be + rough
用法筆記
Commonly used with body parts (hands, elbows, skin) or natural materials (paper, fabric, wood). Unlike sense 1 (UNEVEN SURFACE), this sense emphasises the tactile experience of touching the surface rather than its appearance.
3. not precise or detailed; giving an approximate idea, number, or description with
粗略的
不精確、僅供參考的
not precise or detailed; giving an approximate idea, number, or description without exact accuracy
Diego made a rough drawing of the house so the builder could understand the plan.
Diego 畫了一張房子的粗略草圖，讓工人能理解他的計畫。
collocation: rough drawing / rough sketch
Can you give me a rough idea of how much the kitchen repairs will cost?
你能不能給我一個粗略的概念，廚房整修大概要花多少錢？
collocation: rough idea
The teacher gave a rough estimate of twenty students for the field trip next month.
老師粗略估計下個月的校外教學大約有二十名學生參加。
William had a rough plan for the weekend but nothing was fixed yet.
William 對週末有了一個粗略的計畫，但還沒有完全確定。
Soraya calculated a rough total and said the project would take about three months.
Soraya 粗略計算了一下總數，說這個案子大概需要三個月。
- approximate
more formal than 'rough', common in business and academic writing
- preliminary
suggests something done first and likely to be changed later
- basic
implies simplicity rather than lack of precision
文法句型
rough + noun (estimate, idea, plan, drawing)
rough + noun + of + noun
用法筆記
This sense is almost always used attributively before a noun (a rough estimate, rough idea, rough plan). It is not used predicatively — you would not say *the estimate is rough* in most contexts.
常見錯誤
4. describes a voice, sound, or noise that is strong, loud, and unpleasant to liste
刺耳
聲音尖銳難聽的
describes a voice, sound, or noise that is strong, loud, and unpleasant to listen to, often because it is not smooth or clear.
James had a rough voice from cheering loudly at the football match all afternoon.
James 因為在足球賽中大聲加油了一整個下午，聲音變得沙啞刺耳。
rough + voice — describing voice quality after strain
The old radio produced a rough, crackling sound whenever Hiro turned the dial.
Hiro 每次轉動旋鈕，那台老收音機就會發出刺耳的雜音。
Nadia's rough cough made everyone in the quiet library turn and look at her.
Nadia 刺耳的咳嗽聲讓安靜圖書館裡每個人都轉頭看她。
A rough grinding noise came from the kitchen tap when Quinn opened it.
Quinn 打開水龍頭時，廚房傳來刺耳的摩擦聲。
The singer's voice turned rough after three hours of non-stop singing on stage.
那位歌手連續在台上演唱三小時之後，聲音變得沙啞刺耳。
文法句型
rough + noun (voice, sound, cough, noise)
用法筆記
Often used to describe a voice that has become harsh due to illness, shouting, or overuse. Also common for mechanical sounds that are uneven or unpleasant.
常見錯誤
5. describes a place or person that is dangerous because of crime, violence, or the
危險；暴力
因犯罪或暴力而危險的
describes a place or person that is dangerous because of crime, violence, or the possibility of physical harm.
The guide warned tourists not to walk alone in the rough port area at night.
導遊警告遊客晚上不要單獨在港口附近的危險區域行走。
rough + area — collocation for a dangerous neighbourhood
Emre moved away from the rough neighborhood after someone broke into his car twice.
Emre 的車被人闖入了兩次之後，他就搬離了那個治安差的社區。
A group of rough-looking men stood outside the old train station after midnight.
深夜過後，一群看起來很兇狠的男人站在舊火車站外面。
Valentina crossed the street to avoid the rough crowd gathered near the bar entrance.
Valentina 繞道過馬路，避開酒吧入口那幫看起來很兇的人。
The prison housed some of the roughest criminals the country had ever seen.
那所監獄關押著全國前所未見的最危險的罪犯。
文法句型
rough + noun (area, neighborhood, crowd, man)
用法筆記
Typically describes urban areas or groups of people. When used about a person directly ('a rough guy'), it suggests the person is likely to use violence. Compare with 'rough' meaning rude or uncouth (sense 13), which is about bad manners rather than danger.
常見錯誤
6. describes stormy conditions with powerful winds and high waves that make outdoor
惡劣
天氣或海面風浪很大的
describes stormy conditions with powerful winds and high waves that make outdoor activities or travel difficult and dangerous.
All the fishing boats stayed in the harbour because of the rough weather this morning.
由於今早天氣惡劣，所有漁船都留在港內沒有出海。
rough weather — standard collocation for stormy conditions
The ferry crossing was very rough, and many passengers felt sick from the big waves.
渡輪在波濤洶湧的海上航行，許多乘客都因為大浪而暈船。
Rough winds damaged several roofs and knocked down trees across the village last night.
昨晚強風損壞了村莊裡好幾棟房屋的屋頂，還吹倒了樹木。
Hoa decided to cancel the beach picnic because the sea looked too rough for swimming.
Hoa 因為海象太差、不適合游泳，決定取消海邊野餐。
The captain guided the ship carefully through the rough waves near the rocky coastline.
船長小心翼翼地駕駛船隻，穿過岩石海岸附近的洶湧海浪。
文法句型
rough + noun (weather, sea, wind, waves, conditions)
用法筆記
Common in weather forecasts and maritime contexts. 'Rough sea' specifically means waves are high and dangerous; 'rough weather' can include strong wind, rain, and storms.
7. describes a period of time, situation, or experience that is full of problems, d
艱難；辛苦
充滿困難或不愉快的
describes a period of time, situation, or experience that is full of problems, difficulties, or unpleasant events, making life hard to cope with.
The family went through a rough time after the local factory closed down.
當地工廠倒閉之後，這家人經歷了一段艱難的時期。
a rough time — most common collocation for a difficult period
David had a rough day when the computer crashed and deleted all his files.
David 這天很不順，電腦當機還刪掉了他所有的檔案。
Sleeping was hard for Andrei during the rough months of looking for a new job.
Andrei 在求職的那幾個月艱難日子裡，很難睡得著覺。
The small shop survived the rough economic situation by cutting costs and reducing staff hours.
這家小店靠著削減開支、縮減工時，熬過了經濟艱難的時期。
文法句型
rough + noun (time, day, week, year, period)
have a rough time
用法筆記
Often used with 'have', 'go through', or 'experience'. The collocation 'rough patch' is a common fixed expression for a temporary difficult period in a relationship or business.
常見錯誤
8. describes an area of land left untended, covered with wild plants and with an un
荒蕪的
未經整理、雜草叢生的
describes an area of land left untended, covered with wild plants and with an uneven surface
Children played in the rough field behind the factory where weeds grew taller than them.
孩子們在工廠後面那片荒蕪的空地上玩耍，野草長得比他們還高。
collocation: rough field / rough ground
Joon's dog ran off across the rough land and disappeared into the tall grass.
Joon 的狗跑過那片荒蕪的土地，消失在長長的草叢裡。
The rough lot next to the railway was full of old bottles and wild bushes.
鐵軌旁邊那塊荒蕪的空地上到處都是舊瓶子和野生灌木叢。
Lakan planned to turn the rough patch behind the house into a vegetable garden.
Lakan 打算把屋子後面那塊荒蕪的空地整理成一個菜園。
- cultivated
describes land that is prepared and used for growing crops or plants
- tended
implies regular care and maintenance
文法句型
rough + noun (ground, land, field)
用法筆記
Typically used for patches of undeveloped land within or near built-up areas, not for truly remote wilderness. The emphasis is on neglect rather than natural beauty.
9. describes a cheap bottle of wine or other strong drink that has a harsh and unpl
烈口的
廉價且口感強烈的
describes a cheap bottle of wine or other strong drink that has a harsh and unpleasant flavour
Ezra sipped the rough wine and put the glass down with a frown.
Ezra 喝了一口那瓶烈口的紅酒，皺著眉頭把杯子放下。
collocation: rough wine
The rough taste of the cheap whiskey reminded Aylin of bad decisions made on holiday.
那瓶廉價威士忌的烈口味道讓 Aylin 想起度假時做過的糟糕決定。
No one would finish the rough wine that had been open for days.
沒有人願意喝那瓶已經開了好幾天的烈口酒。
Lakan poured the rough beer down the sink and opened a fresh bottle instead.
Lakan 把烈口的啤酒倒進水槽裡，然後開了一瓶新的。
文法句型
rough + noun (wine, beer, whiskey, drink)
用法筆記
This sense is typically used attributively (rough wine, rough whiskey). It carries a negative judgement about quality and is most often used for cheap or poorly made drinks, not for intentionally strong spirits.
10. made without much skill, care, or expense; not finished or polished in a detaile
簡陋的
做工不講究、不精緻的
made without much skill, care, or expense; not finished or polished in a detailed way
The rough wooden bench in the park was uncomfortable but perfect for watching the sunset.
公園裡那張簡陋的木頭長凳坐起來不太舒服，但看夕陽卻剛剛好。
collocation: rough wooden [object]
Hiro built a rough shelter from branches and old cloth to keep the rain off.
Hiro 用樹枝和舊布搭了一個簡陋的棚子來擋雨。
The villagers lived in rough huts with no electricity or running water.
村民住在簡陋的茅屋裡，沒有電也沒有自來水。
Alessia wore a rough cotton dress that a local tailor had sewn by hand.
Alessia 穿了一件簡陋的棉布連衣裙，是當地一名裁縫手工縫製的。
- refined
made with great skill and attention to detail
- polished
finished with care to create a smooth, attractive surface
- sophisticated
complex, advanced, and made with skill
文法句型
rough + noun (hut, bench, shelter, table, wood)
be + rough
用法筆記
Describes objects that are functional but unrefined. Unlike sense 1 (UNEVEN SURFACE), the focus is on the lack of craftsmanship and finishing rather than on touch or appearance.
11. describes the sound made by a machine, engine, or motor that is not working corr
運轉不順
機器因故障發出異常噪音的
describes the sound made by a machine, engine, or motor that is not working correctly, producing uneven or harsh noises that signal a problem.
The car engine sounds rough, so Mira is taking it to the mechanic tomorrow.
Mira 的汽車引擎聽起來運轉不順，她打算明天送修。
sound rough — used for detecting a mechanical problem by ear
Tendai knew the washing machine was broken when it started sounding rough.
Tendai 聽到洗衣機發出異常噪音時，就知道它壞了。
The old lawnmower sounded rough and needed new blades and fresh oil.
那臺舊割草機運轉聲音不順，需要更換刀片並添加新機油。
Felix checked the fan motor because it had been running rough all morning.
Felix 檢查了電風扇的馬達，因為整個早上運轉聲音都不太對勁。
文法句型
sound rough
run rough
rough + noun (engine, motor)
用法筆記
Almost always used after linking verbs (sound, run, feel). Not used before a noun in this sense — you would not say 'a rough engine' to mean an engine that sounds faulty.
常見錯誤
12. feeling slightly ill or unwell, often with symptoms such as tiredness, headache,
不舒服
身體不適的（非正式英式用法）
feeling slightly ill or unwell, often with symptoms such as tiredness, headache, or an upset stomach, sometimes caused by lack of sleep or drinking too much alcohol.
Hoa felt rough the morning after eating too much fried food at the night market.
Hoa 在夜市吃了太多油炸食物後，隔天早上覺得很不舒服。
feel rough — informal British expression for feeling unwell
Kwame called his office to say he felt rough and was not coming in today.
Kwame 打電話到辦公室說他身體不舒服，今天不進公司了。
After only three hours of sleep, Iris felt rough and stayed home from school.
Iris 只睡了三個小時，覺得很不舒服，就待在家裡沒去上學。
Ziad looked rough after the long flight, so his friend drove him straight home.
Ziad 經過長途飛行後看起來有點不舒服，他的朋友就直接開車送他回家了。
- unwell
more formal and general; covers any degree of illness
- under the weather
idiomatic; slightly milder and more polite
- terrible
stronger; 'I feel terrible' implies worse symptoms
文法句型
feel rough
look rough
用法筆記
Primarily British informal usage, common in spoken English. Only used after linking verbs ('feel rough', 'look rough'). Not used before a noun in this sense. Typically describes minor illness or hangovers rather than serious medical conditions.
常見錯誤
13. If a person or their behavior is rough, they speak or act in an unkind or impoli
粗魯的
言行粗魯、缺乏教養的
If a person or their behavior is rough, they speak or act in an unkind or impolite way that shows little care for how others feel.
Joshua was punished for his rough manners at the dinner table.
Joshua 因為在餐桌上行為粗魯而受到處罰。
rough + manners (collocation for impolite behavior)
The customers complained about the rough treatment they received from the staff.
顧客們抱怨他們從員工那裡受到的粗暴對待。
rough + treatment (collocation)
Baraka's rough language shocked the guests at the formal party.
Baraka 的粗俗言語讓正式派對上的賓客們感到震驚。
It was rough of Heloísa to speak that way to her grandmother.
Heloísa 那樣對她祖母說話真是太不禮貌了。
The teacher told Anjali that her rough language would not be tolerated in class.
老師告訴 Anjali，她粗魯的言語在課堂上是不被允許的。
- rude
stronger and more direct; suggests a deliberate choice to be disrespectful
- uncouth
more formal; describes someone who lacks manners due to ignorance rather than intention
- coarse
focuses on vulgarity in speech or manner, especially about taboo subjects
- crude
describes behavior that is blunt and lacking in subtlety or tact
文法句型
rough + noun (person / behavior / manners / language)
be + rough (with someone)
用法筆記
Commonly used with nouns such as manners, language, treatment, and behavior to describe how someone acts toward others, especially in situations that call for politeness.
常見錯誤
rougher — 副詞
1. more violently or more harshly than before — used when someone behaves or handle
更粗暴地
比之前更猛烈或粗魯
more violently or more harshly than before — used when someone behaves or handles something with greater physical force or less care than another person or situation.
The second guard treated the prisoner even rougher than the first one had.
第二位獄警對待囚犯的方式比第一位更粗暴。
comparative: even rougher than
Quan warned the children that the bigger waves would hit the shore rougher than the morning ones.
Quan 警告孩子們，大的海浪會比早上的浪更猛烈地拍打岸邊。
The movers handled the old piano rougher than Allison expected, leaving a scratch on the wood.
搬運工人對那台舊鋼琴的搬運方式比 Allison 預期的更粗魯，結果在木頭上留下了一道刮痕。
Lotte noticed the wind was blowing rougher than when they had first set out on the boat.
Lotte 發現風吹得比他們剛出海時更猛烈。
- more roughly
formal equivalent of 'rougher'; preferred in academic or professional writing
- more violently
emphasises physical aggression rather than general harshness
- more harshly
focuses on severity of treatment, not just physical force
- more gently
opposite in both physical force and manner of treatment
- more softly
focuses on lower force or pressure
文法句型
be rougher with [sb/sth]
treat [sb] rougher
用法筆記
Rougher is the comparative form of rough (used as an adverb). It is less formal than 'more roughly' and is most common in spoken English or informal writing.
常見錯誤
2. in more basic and uncomfortable conditions than usual, especially by sleeping ou
更克難地
在更簡陋不便的條件下
in more basic and uncomfortable conditions than usual, especially by sleeping outdoors or without normal home comforts.
After losing their apartment, the family ended up living rougher than they ever had before.
失去公寓後，這家人過得比以往任何時候都更克難。
collocation: live rougher
The hikers slept rougher on the mountain trail than they did in the forest campsite.
那些登山健行者在山路上的睡眠條件比在森林營地時更克難。
Tendai had to live rougher during the festival than at home, with only a thin sleeping bag on the ground.
Tendai 在節日期間只能睡在薄薄的睡袋裡直接躺在地上，比在家裡克難得多。
The refugees found themselves living rougher in the temporary shelter than they had in their own village.
這些難民發現自己在臨時收容所的生活條件比在自己村莊時更簡陋。
- more primitively
formal alternative that emphasises lack of modern amenities
- more precariously
focuses on instability rather than discomfort
- more comfortably
opposite in terms of physical ease and amenities
文法句型
live rougher
sleep rougher
用法筆記
This sense is almost always used with verbs of living or staying, such as 'live', 'sleep', 'stay', or 'camp'. The expression 'sleep rough' (base form) is a fixed British English idiom.