confederated
confederated — 形容詞
1. joined together with other groups, states, or organizations to act as one body f
結盟的
以正式協議組成聯盟的
joined together with other groups, states, or organizations to act as one body for shared purposes, while each member still keeps a large amount of self-rule.
The confederated tribes signed a treaty with Amihan's delegation last spring.
結盟的部族春天時與 Amihan 帶領的代表團簽訂條約。
attributive: confederated + plural noun
Several confederated trade unions met in Brussels to plan a Europe-wide strike.
幾個結盟的工會在布魯塞爾開會，準備發動全歐罷工。
By 1815, the small German kingdoms were confederated under a loose constitutional pact.
到了一八一五年，這些德意志小王國依一份鬆散的憲政協議結盟。
Kabir's research focuses on confederated republics in early modern Europe.
Kabir 的研究聚焦於近代早期歐洲的結盟共和國。
- independent
each unit acts alone, with no shared governing pact
- sovereign
formal opposite when contrasting with member states of a confederation
文法句型
confederated + with [group]
confederated + into [larger body]
用法筆記
Almost always used attributively before a plural noun (states, tribes, unions, councils). Distinguish from sense 2: this sense is neutral and historical; sense 2 is specifically about the American Civil War South.
常見錯誤
2. belonging to or describing the eleven southern American states that broke away f
南方邦聯的
美國內戰時期南方邦聯的
belonging to or describing the eleven southern American states that broke away from the Union between 1860 and 1861 and fought the Civil War.
Hana's history teacher displayed a map of the confederated states on the smartboard.
Hana 的歷史老師在電子白板上展示了南方邦聯各州的地圖。
capitalised in formal historical writing: Confederated States
The museum in Richmond holds letters written by confederated soldiers during the siege.
里奇蒙的博物館收藏了南方邦聯士兵在圍城期間寫下的書信。
Alessia argued that the confederated cause was rooted in defending the slave economy.
Alessia 主張南方邦聯的理想根基在於維護奴隸經濟。
Christopher's grandfather grew up on a farm once owned by a confederated officer's family.
Christopher 的祖父在一座曾屬於南方邦聯軍官家庭的農場上長大。
- Confederate
the preferred American adjective for this sense; 'confederated' is less common
- Rebel
informal Union-side label used during and after the war
文法句型
Confederated + States/Army/forces
用法筆記
Often capitalised (Confederated) when referring to the formal political entity. Some American writers and historians prefer 'Confederate' as the adjective and reserve 'confederated' for sense 1; check house style.
常見錯誤
confederated — 名詞
1. a person who works closely with another, especially in a scheme that may be dish
同夥；共謀者
一同行事的人，常含密謀意味
a person who works closely with another, especially in a scheme that may be dishonest or against the rules.
Tunde refused to name his confederateds even after hours of questioning by the inspector.
Tunde 即使被警探盤問了數小時，仍拒絕說出他的同夥。
typical: noun + 'in' + activity/plot
Esteban acted as a confederated, signalling the auction bids from the back of the room.
Esteban 充當同夥，在拍賣場後排對競標出價打暗號。
Police suspect that two confederateds helped Romi smuggle the artwork out of the gallery.
警方懷疑有兩名同夥協助 Romi 把畫作偷出畫廊。
Ilan was treated as a confederated of the protest organisers, though he only joined on the day.
Ilan 被當作抗議活動主辦人的同夥看待，雖然他當天才加入。
- accomplice
stronger criminal connotation; usually refers to a crime
- associate
neutral; no implication of wrongdoing
- ally
wider; an ally need not be involved in the same specific action
- co-conspirator
formal legal term; the action must be a conspiracy
文法句型
a confederated of [person]
confederateds in [activity]
用法筆記
Often carries a negative tone — used when the joint activity is secret, unethical, or illegal. Neutral synonyms are 'partner' or 'associate'. Distinguish from sense 2: this sense is a generic ally; sense 2 names supporters of the American South in the Civil War.
常見錯誤
2. a person who supported the southern American states or fought for their army dur
南方邦聯人
美國內戰時期支持南方者
a person who supported the southern American states or fought for their army during the Civil War of 1861 to 1865.
Salma's great-great-grandfather was a confederated who later moved north after the war.
Salma 的曾曾祖父是位南方邦聯人，戰後遷居北方。
typical: a confederated who [later action]
The cemetery in Atlanta holds the graves of more than four thousand confederateds.
亞特蘭大的這座墓園安葬著四千多位南方邦聯人。
Élise wrote her thesis on letters that confederateds sent home from the front line.
Élise 的論文研究南方邦聯人從前線寄回家的書信。
Many former confederateds struggled to find work in the years right after the surrender.
許多昔日的南方邦聯人在投降後的那幾年很難找到工作。
- Confederate
the standard modern American term for this sense
- Rebel
Union-side informal label used during the war
- Southerner
broader; covers civilians and modern residents too
文法句型
a Confederated
the Confederateds
用法筆記
The standard American term for this sense is 'Confederate' (noun). 'Confederated' as a noun for Civil War supporters is rare and slightly archaic — modern writers nearly always use 'Confederate'.
常見錯誤
confederated — 動詞
1. (of states, regions, or organizations) to join together by formal agreement to a
結成聯邦
正式聯合為一更大政治實體
(of states, regions, or organizations) to join together by formal agreement to act as one larger body for shared purposes, while each part still keeps some self-rule.
Six small island states confederated last year to share coastguard and weather services.
六個小島國去年結成聯邦，共同分擔海岸防衛與氣象服務。
intransitive: [states] confederated
Amani argued that the merchant towns should confederate before the larger empire attacked.
Amani 主張這些商埠應該在大帝國進攻前結成聯邦。
The thirteen original colonies confederated under the Articles before drafting the Constitution.
十三個原始殖民地依《邦聯條例》結成聯邦，後來才起草憲法。
Local fishing villages have confederated with two coastal cities to fight illegal trawling.
當地的漁村已和兩座沿海城市結成聯邦，共同打擊非法拖網作業。
文法句型
[states/groups] confederated
confederated with [group]
confederated into [larger body]
用法筆記
Subject is almost always a plural group of states, regions, or formal organizations — not individual people. Often appears in past tense or as a past participle adjective. Distinguish from sense 2: this sense applies only to political or institutional unions.
常見錯誤
2. to come together in a smaller, less formal group, often to take action against a
聯合起來
為共同目標非正式結成一群
to come together in a smaller, less formal group, often to take action against a common opponent or problem.
Mark and his neighbours confederated to block the new motorway through the woods.
Mark 和鄰居們聯合起來，阻止新的高速公路穿過樹林。
pattern: confederate to + infinitive
After the storm, several farmers confederated against the insurance company that refused to pay.
風暴過後，幾位農戶聯合起來對抗拒絕理賠的保險公司。
pattern: confederate against [opponent]
The street vendors had confederated months earlier to share rent on a shared storage room.
這群街頭攤販數月前就已聯合起來，合租一間共用的儲藏室。
Brian noticed that the crows had confederated around the feeder to drive the smaller birds away.
Brian 注意到那群烏鴉聯合起來，在餵食器旁把小鳥趕走。
- band together
everyday equivalent; far more common in speech
- join forces
neutral; suggests pooling effort
- team up
informal; for short-term cooperation
文法句型
[people/animals] confederated
confederated against [opponent]
用法筆記
Less formal than sense 1: takes ordinary subjects (neighbours, farmers, even animals) and a looser purpose. Distinguish from sense 1: sense 1 builds a lasting political structure; this sense describes any informal banding-together.